Ericksons Psychosocial Theory

ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 1. Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory PSY 104-275 ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 2. ABSTRACT Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory, PSY 104-274. Erick Erickson was a psychologist that was born in Germany and became famous for his Theory of eight stages of development. Erick believed there were eight influential stages in a human’s life. At each stage, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis in which must be resolved. According to Erickson the crisis is not a catastrophe, but a turning point marked by both increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.Key Words: psychoanalytic, psychoanalysis, Autonomy, Generativity, Stagnation ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 3. ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 4. Erik Erikson was born in 1902 near Frankfort, Germany to Danish parents. Erik found himself in quite an identity crisis while growing up. He was a blonde hair blue eye Jewish boy that found it difficul t to study in Jewish temple because of his looks. And in grammar school he was out casted for being Jewish. He also studied art and a variety of languages during his school years, rather than science courses such as biology and chemistry.He did not like the atmosphere that formal schooling produced, so instead of going to college he traveled around Europe, keeping a diary of his experiences. (Personality Theories, Dr c. George Boeree. ) After a year of doing this, he returned to Germany and enrolled in art school. After several years, Erikson began to teach art and other subjects to children of Americans who had come to Vienna for Freudian training. Erick than met a Canadian dance instructor named Joan Serson who was also teaching at the school where he worked. The couple married in 1930 and went on to have three children.In 1933 he came to the U. S. and took a teaching position at Harvard. In addition to teaching at Harvard he also had a private practice in child psychoanalysis. La ter he held teaching positions at Yale, San Francisco psychoanalytic, Austin Riggs center and the center for advanced studies of behavioral Sciences. He published a number of books on his theories and research, including Childhood and Society and The Life Cycle Completed. His book Gandhi's Truth was awarded a Pulitzer Prize and a national Book Award. Erick retired in 1970. He however continued to write, do research and occasionally lecture.In 1950 serious health problems ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 5. forced him into full retirement. Erick died in 1994 at the age of 91. (Personality Theories, Dr C. George Boeree. ) Erick Erickson was however probably known best known for is Psychosocial Theory. Erickson’s theory was one in which eight stages of psychosocial development unfold through out a humans lifetime. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis in which must be faced. (Santrock, 2008,16) The first stage, Trust vs. Mistrust, occurs from approximately birth to one year.Erikson defined trust as an essential trustfulness of others as well as a fundamental sense of one's own trustworthiness. He also said that some mistrust is necessary to learn to discriminate between honest and dishonest persons. If mistrust wins over trust in this stage, the child will be frustrated, withdrawn, suspicious, and will lack self-confidence. (Santrock, 2008,16) The second stage, Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, occurs between ages two and three. During this period it is important that the parents create a supportive atmosphere for their child so it can develop a sense of self-control without a loss of self-esteem.In this stage, Erikson said the child encounters rules, such as which areas of the house he is allowed to explore. (Santrock, 2008,16) The third stage, Initiative vs. Guilt, occurs between ages ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 6. four and five. This is the stage in which the child must find out what kind of person he/she is going to be. The child develops a sense of responsibility in which the child increases initiative during this period. If the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious then they will have uncomfortable guilt feelings.Erikson believed that most guilt is quickly compensated for by a sense of accomplishment. (Santrock, 2008,16) Erikson's fourth stage, Industry vs. Inferiority, occurs between six years and puberty. This is the period in which the child wants to enter the larger world of knowledge and work. One of the great events and influences of this time is the child's entry into school. This is where he is exposed to the technology of his society: books, multiplication tables, arts and crafts, maps, microscopes, films, and tape recorders.However, the learning process does not only occur in the classroom according to Erikson, but also at home, friend's houses, and on the street. (Santrock, 2008,16) Components of Erikson's prior four stages contribute to the fifth stage, Identity vs. Identity Confusion. This occurs during adolescence. During this period the identity concern reaches climax. (Santrock, 2008,16) Erikson's sixth stage, Intimacy vs. Isolation, occurs during young adulthood. Intimacy with other people is possible only if a reasonably well-integrated identity emerges from stage five. The main concern of Erikson's seventh stage, Generativity vs.Stagnation, is to ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 7. assist the younger generation in developing and lead useful lives. When the individual feels that he has done nothing to help the next generation then they experience stagnation. The final stage, Integrity vs. Despair, occurs during late adulthood. This is the time in which the individual looks back and evaluates their life. If the previous stages have developed properly then they will experience integrity. If the previous stages have not developed in a positive way then they will feel despair. (Santrock, 2008,16)Ericksonâ₠¬â„¢s model has some advantages and disadvantages to it. One of the advantages is that it is a good model to follow in infancy and in early childhood when there is little or no communication being done between child and parents. The model sets a â€Å"measuring stick† to a child’s normal development that a doctor and parents can use to see if the child is developing behind schedule or ahead of schedule. This all also allows doctors and parents to possibly diagnosis a possible mental abnormality or learning disability. However I believe this model is good to use to assume only if a child is healthy.Once a child or adult is diagnosed with a mental illness of some sort the model cannot be really used anymore. The model also has limitations to it. As I mentioned in the prior paragraph once a child or adult is diagnosed with a mental illness the theory cannot be really only used to a degree. Dependent on what type of learning disability or mental disability the child or ERI CKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 8. adult may have the person may not be able to recognize these developmental needs that happen throughout his or hers life.The adult or child will heavily depend on his or her caretaker to either support these developmental stages for them or the caretaker may have to be the one that actually supplies these needs and offers the reassurance that is needed to person’s stages. The relevance to society this offers is that it shows us how a healthy individual should develop through life. It is a model for us to follow to know proper developmental stages of a human being from infancy to late adulthood. It helps parents know what is the â€Å"norm† for there children and if maybe there is something developmentally wrong.In older adults it also helps us guide our way into later stages of life. It may help people who feel that they have not been successful in society feel that they are in the normal. They may see that they have developed and contributed to what the normal is expected. This paper helped me realize that there was such a model to develop developmental stages. I realize looking back to my adolescence years I have hit these stages and remember dealing with these problems. It also prepares me for what’s ahead and what to expect in later developmental stages.Being better prepared for my upcoming stages should make my transitions through them much easier. ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 9. References Essential of lifespan development, John Santrock, University of Texas at Dallas, published 2008 Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development, Kendra Cherry, http://psychology. about. com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial. htm Simply psychology, Erickson’ theory, Saul McLeod, published 2008, updated 2013. http://www. simplypsychology. org/Erik-Erikson. html#sthash. byyb8hC6. dpbs Personality Theories, Dr c. George Boeree. http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/erikson. html

Provide Displays in Schools Essay

The school’s setting on displays show that displays are allowed on the walls in the classrooms, corridors, in the school hall and sometimes in the offices. By having displays up around the school it gives the children a sense of achievement and the children will feel valued. Also by having displays up on the walls in the school, it makes the school look brighter, and more cheerful. The policy on displays includes that the display should create awareness and give information. It should give information on what ever subject it has been based on. The display should have a clear title and name tags of who ever made the display, which shows the achievement of the child or class. Other pupils should learn from these displays and gain knowledge or experience. The children should always have an input with the displays, including colour, pattern and design of the display because this will get them working together and they will gain experience. A teacher or teaching assistant will decide where to put the display, and make sure that it is an appropriate place to put it, to make sure it is safe. The health and safety of the staff, pupils and visitors should be taken into consideration of the location of the display, just in case things stick out of this display because it may cause harm to someone. You should laminate the paper before sticking it on and blue tack should be used instead of pins because it is a lot safer and cleaner. The staff must be aware of the object on the display that could cause harm to someone. Someone should take regular inspection of the display just in case something has broken and is hanging off or has fallen to the floor, causing a health risk. It’s important to have displays in the school because it shows a sense of pride and appreciation of the children work, because nothing shows you like and appreciate someone’s work than hanging it so everyone can see it. The children will feel their work is thought of and valued. Also by having displays on the wall, they don’t go unnoticed which means when a display has had it’s time and needs to be updated, you can’t ignore it. It also means that you have to look after the display so it keeps a good example on the school and makes the people who made it look good. Displays can decorative and make a classroom look a lot more interesting and brighter. This can directly impact a pupil into a having a positive state of mind, helping a pupil try harder and complete work and learn, all from the motivation of a display. In general when you pass something everyday you tend to notice the details about it, so when you pass a big colourful display in the corridor you will gain more knowledge about it everyday. I think this benefits a child’s learning in the school. The risk assessment of the display is always important because you need to think of a lot of different things to ensure the staff, pupil and visitors safety. The first thing you need to think of is; where is the display? Is it in a suitable area where it will not damage or injure anyone? Another question you need to ask yourself is; what is on the display? You need to ensure that there is nothing on the display that is sharp, could burn or injure. It shouldn’t be able to dislodge, shouldn’t belong to anyone but you, it can’t be poisonous and it should not rot. You need to asses how things are fixed to the display because they should not be able to dislodge. You also need to think of who will interact with the display, for example a small child could be very interested in the display, but there could be heavy object attached to it. Therefore you will need to ensure the child’s safety by either not including this heavy object on the display, or putting it high enough and stable enough out of the child’s reach.

Early Modern Food Culture in Great Britain (16th and 17th Century) Essay

Early Modern Food Culture in Great Britain (16th and 17th Century) - Essay Example e who prepared food devoured by the fellow people of Shakespeare is illustrated most clearly in the volume ‘receipt books’ (Caton 1999, 6) they produced. This work presents recipes for â€Å"stew[ing] a calves head†, â€Å"pease pottage†, â€Å"a staple of the average person’s diet†, or cooking a â€Å"gooseberry foole† (Caton 1999, 6), documented by men and women who prepared these provisions five centuries ago. In 1610, Sarah Longe assembled her Receipt Booke. According to Heidi Brayman Hackel, Longe was â€Å"one of the respectable middling sort, the wife perhaps of a successful tradesman or a member of the lesser gentry† (Brown 2009, 30). She documented a procedure for wafers that were relished by King James and his Queen; however, it is a different wafer recipe in her work that shows the considerable dissimilarities between her kitchen and present-day kitchens (Brown 2009). She starts on, â€Å"Take halfe a pound of sugar, as much flower† (Schoonover 1998, 111). Then, when a few servings of rosewater and eleven eggs have been added: â€Å"Beate it 2 hours...; bake it an hour...; then you must dry it againe in the Sun or Oven† (Glasse 1983, 116). A different procedure for baking a cake starts on, â€Å"Take halfe a bushel of fflower, 8 pound of Currence, and 5 pounds of butter...† (Caton 1999, 100). Entertaining visitors and providing for her family were chall enging duties for Longe. Receipt Booke is one of various such works in the Folger compendium that shows the assortment to be seen in the food culture of early modern England (Caton 1999). This essay will discuss the food culture of early modern England, specifically sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. Food preparation and consumption will be discussed in a wide-ranging perspective, from its roots in usual and substitute crops through innovation in agriculture, market transportation, and household delivery to its presentation on the table in traditional and modern foods and drinks. Bread, pottage,

Paradise Lost by John Milton term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Paradise Lost by John Milton term paper - Essay Example venge over this, Satan or the Lucifer, in other words, decided to bring the downfall of man by making them to eat the forbidden fruit in the Paradise or the Garden of Eden. Consequently, one may have the temptation not to believe in Christianity by basing on the reason on what could make God allow Serpent to revenge on His creation (God) if He truly loved them. The story of the Paradise begins from hell where both the Lucifer and his followers recover from the defeat after losing the battle initially in the war they had with God. For example, they constructed a monument that they referred to the Pandemonium where they were weighing the options of making a return to battle or just to forfeit it by accepting the defeat. Consequently, they also had the considerations of exploring the new world contained in the prophesies of creation for effecting the safe infliction of their planned revenge against mankind. As a way of enforcing their mission with full force, Satan decided to undertake the task alone minus engaging his followers. He feared that his followers might suffer extreme damage or run away from him during the battle (Driven, 45). At the onset of the mission, Satan made a return to the earth through the serpent. As a serpent, Satan enticed Eve upon meeting her alone to have a taste of the fruit of the forbidden tree. Adam also with no fate also decided to eat the fruit (McGovern 45). Consequently, the two lost their innocence and, as a result, came to their senses that they are naked. Followed by the urge to protect themselves from shame and despair of such scenario, they became hostile to each other. However, Adam and Eve reconciled with each other despite Gods order to angel Michael to expel them from Paradise. In addition, the angel showed the pair the consequences of disobedience to God due to eating the fruit from the forbidden tree. Adam got saddened upon imagining the consequences of the sin told to him by Angel Michael though he got relieved from

Political Science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Science - Research Paper Example Before we can call the Danish government conservative, we must first briefly discuss, What is conservatism? It can be basically divided into two parts: fiscal conservatism and social conservatism. For the purposes of this essay we will focus mostly on the former. Edmund Burke, the father of conservatism, once wrote: [I]t is to the property of the citizen, and not to the demands of the creditor of the state, that the first and original faith of civil society is pledged. The claim of the citizen is prior in time, paramount in title, superior in equity. The fortunes of individuals, whether possessed by acquisition or by descent or in virtue of a participation in the goods of some community, were no part of the creditors security, expressed or implied...[T]he public, whether represented by a monarch or by a senate, can pledge nothing but the public estate; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large.1 The focus on individuals and their economic rights are a cornerstone of conservative thought. (It should be noted here, that Burke’s version of conservatism is essentially the same as classical liberalism.) The state should not unduly interfere in the lives of its citizens. While extensive state spending—as implemented by the Danish Social Democratic party during their many years in power—may appeal to key sectors of the population (e.g. unions and students), it does nothing to provide economic opportunities for the average citizen and indeed captures many in a cycle of dependence. In this regard, the election of Rasmussen in 2001 was a breath of fresh air. He is, after all, the author of a book called From Social State to Minimal State and the author of a signature policy that freezes new taxes. He has gone someway to remake his Liberal

French Arty of XIXth Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

French Arty of XIXth Century - Essay Example From the clothes depicted, I try to make a guess about the period of the paintings, observe the facial expressions carefully to gauge the mood of the subjects and the painter. Paintings of live situations especially fascinate me. Market scenes, dance sequences, party scenes: these bring out the mood of the subjects remarkably well, as compared to inanimate objects, I feel. Of particular interest to me are the paintings by French impressionists. A chance visit to Tate Museum, London created an interest in me for works by French painters. The painting, A Woman o a Bench (1874) by Claude Monet caught my eye and made me feel that I had to carry out some research in this area. The lady sitting gracefully on a bench in the garden seems to be waiting for someone, yet seems so dignified in her waiting. There were hardly any problems faced in Tate Museum, other than the fact that I wanted to see some more paintings by French Impressionists. Next was a visit to the V&AMuseum. The museum is huge, very impressive and a treat for art lovers. Here I found a few paintings by French artists, but not many pertaining to my subject. As the museum concentrates on variety, the collections are vast and range from contemporary to historic exhibits of not only paintings, but sculptures and other works of art. French artists of the nineteenth century do not feature very prominently here. Thus, I was not able to gather much information about my topic of research here. (kindly check with someone who has visited the museum, as I didn't find much online). Next was a visit to The National Gallery. It is a true paradise for art lovers and a great place for Impressionist paintings. There is a formidable collection of paintings by French artists of the nineteenth century depicting the social orders of the period. I will be describing scenes from these paintings in the following paragraphs. Annotated Bibliography Various sources have been used in compiling this report. The annotated bibliography of these sources is given below: 'Miss La La at the Cirque Fernando', 1879. London, The National Gallery. DEGAS, Hilaire-Germain-Edgar 1834 - 1917 French Degas specialised in scenes of contemporary life, including dancers, entertainers and women at their toilette. He was a master of technique, and experimented with various media, including pastel. Degas remains popular today; his changing styles and preoccupations are well represented in the Collection. Degas exhibited from the beginning with the Impressionists in Paris. He was able to follow an independent path; his private income meant that he was not forced to attract buyers. Degas spent most of his life in Paris, abandoning his study of law in 1855 to train with the academic painter Louis Lamothe. In 1855 he studied at the cole des Beaux-Arts. He was in Rome 1856/7, and subsequently often travelled to Italy. He admired Ingres, but soon developed an Impressionist approach, under the influence of Manet, whom he knew well. 'Corner of a Caf-Concert', probably 1878-80. London, The National Gallery. Manet, Edouard was the elder statesman of the Impressionists, but never took part in their exhibitions. He continued to compete in the Salons where he sought approval all his life. His unconventional subject matter of modern life, and his free handling of paint made him an important precursor of

Creative paper Consider yourself to be a political candidate for Assignment

Creative paper Consider yourself to be a political candidate for national office - Assignment Example He has lost sight of what is best for the people and instead, allows his own political ambitions, and party affiliations to dictate the moves that he shall make. We were once known as the Last Remaining Super Power in the world. We were the international police. Our presence in turmoil filled countries brought peace and stability. Our political, social, and economic system was once the envy of other nations. We were the allies of those oppressed and the enemies of those who wished to dominate the world. We have lost that standing now. These days, thanks to the cowardly leadership in Washington, North Korea thinks they can aim bombs at our allies, build nuclear weapons, and threaten the peace in South Korea. China has been flexing its muscles in the international community and bullies countries that dare to question their occupation of the Spratly Islands. Rogue nations now think that because America has lost its way, there is no need to fear the countrys position as an international leader anymore. After all, our president has decided that we are spending too much on military improvements and wars abroad. Totally missing the point that witho ut our well equipped military forces, and fighting wars abroad, we would be fighting the terrorist battle right here on our very soil. Causing more sociopolitical and economic problems for the citizens of this country. It isnt surprising that he cant handle diplomatic relations with other nations. That is why he hired Hillary Clinton to be his Secretary of State. Barack Obama doesnt have any international relation skills at all. He was just a newbie senator when he decided to run for president. On his first international trip to Germany as president the first thing he did was apologize for the actions of America during the war. And he has done that every country that he has visited since. He has turned America in a â€Å"lame duck† country. Further proving that he was in no way, shape, or form ready for the

Gay Marriages Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gay Marriages Paper - Essay Example It is presently unlawful and not recognized in the state of Colorado. On the other hand, laws have been passed to permit elected beneficiaries, which grant some of the human rights of marriage. Generally, no society can stand the sight of people belonging to the same sex forming families. The countries which have recognized gay marriage are Sweden, Argentina, Canada, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Norway, Netherlands, South Africa and Iceland. The initial gay marriage licenses in the state of Colorado were passed by Clela Rorex in1975. These licenses were later on cancelled by laws that were approved shortly. This topic is extremely interesting to the gay couples in the countries. Same-sex marriage is the blending of two persons of the same sex in a marital bond, by way of complete legal rights and duties allotted to this agreement, by a given authority. Since time immemorial, only heterosexual couples were measured fit for adopting a kid. But these days, same sex couples are also seen en titled for adoption. From the angle of homosexual couples, adoption is an immense chance to raise children. A domestic atmosphere with two parents of opposite sexes is the most appropriate ambiance for the happiness of children. Otherwise, children are likely to be molested by gays, who may even be their foster parents. This puts a very high risk on the lives of small kids who may not be capable to protect themselves from the onslaught of stronger adults. â€Å"Colorado is home to over 13,000 same-sex couples. From 1990 to 2006, the number of same-sex couples in Colorado increased by 648%. Even though so many same-sex couples are living and coming out in Colorado, in 2006 Colorado voters approved an anti-marriage discriminatory constitutional amendment† (Colorado par. 1). Traditionally, marriage has been described as a legal and religious commitment between a woman and man, in addition to the decisive expression of love. So I choose this topic to identify the various reasons for legal constitutionality of gay marriages in Colorado.

The Analysis of the Assessment of the Overall Status of the Firm Case Study

The Analysis of the Assessment of the Overall Status of the Firm McDonald's - Case Study Example There are three steps in the general approach to capital budgeting. First, the decision maker must make a list of possible long-term investments. Second, the decision maker shall study the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative capital investment, taking into consideration the variance of each project’s net cash inflows. Third, the decision maker must choose the best alternative (McGuigan, 2010). Incremental cash inflow is the list of the company’s cash outflows as well as a list of the company’s cash inflows. The cash outflow represents all payments for purchases of capital investments as well as operating expenses. The cash inflow includes the revenues from the project. The net cash flow is the difference between the cash inflows and the cash outflows (McGuigan, 2010). Payback period indicates how long the business or entity will recover its investments or capital budgeting amount. In terms of the payback period decision rule, the project that has the shorter payback period is better than another project having a longer payback period (McGuigan, 2010). The net present value method in capital budgeting shows the variance between two amounts. The first amount is the cash inflows. The second amount is the cash outflows. The net present value is the difference between the total cash inflows and the total cash outflows. The decision maker should invest in a project if the total present values exceed the total cash outflows (McGuigan, 2010). In economic terms, the net present value represents the contribution of the investment to the firm’s value, and to shareholders’ wealth maximization. The present value is the value today of a future amount cash amount or series of cash payments computed using the appropriate discount interest rate (McGuigan, 2010). The Internal rate of return is used to determine whether the decision maker should choose the one project over the other alternative projects. If the internal rate of return of a project is lower than the capital investment costs, the decision maker must drop the project. The internal rate of return is the interest rate used to arrive at a net present value of zero.  

See Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

See Description - Essay Example First, the act of having favorites among siblings is a major cause of sibling rivalry. This is a situation where parents treat the children differently. As such, a child, or children may feel neglected in favor of brothers or sisters. This creates a gap between them in their relationship. The children cannot interact or coexist peacefully. Hostilities are imminent. Unequal treatment may be in form of parents rewarding some children and not appreciating the efforts of the others. Consequently, ignoring the contribution of some siblings to the family is also a dangerous factor that leads to rivalry. Siblings assume that they do not belong to the same family. Another basis is the treatment accorded to a newborn in the family. According to Goldenthal, children feel neglected when parents shift their care and attention to nursing a newborn (12). More often, the arrival of newborn has been associated with shifts in attention from the older children to the infant. As such, the older children may feel disappointed and develop a cold attitude towards the newborn. The rivalry may continue as far as the parents treat the children differently. When parents send a child or children to live with relatives while other children are left is seen as discrimination. Children who are left behind are seen to derive more favor and affection from the parents. On the other hand, children who are sent away feel like they do not belong. Thus, the rivalry between the children who ‘do not belong’ and those who ‘belong’ is unavoidable (10). As stated earlier, sibling rivalry is detrimental to family welfare and thus should be avoided at all. As such, parents should always look out for signs of alienation in the family. The major actions that can mitigate sibling rivalry are; detect the presence of bullying in the family, avoid favoritism, talk to children later, parents should never get into children fights, ask straight questions. Parents are in the best

Violence in the Aztec Society Essay Example for Free

Violence in the Aztec Society Essay â€Å"The dismal drum of Huichilobos sounded again, accompanied by conches, horns, and trumpet-like instruments. It was a terrifying sound, and when we looked at the tall cue (temple-pyramid) from which it came we saw our comrades who had been captured in Cortes’ defeat being dragged up the steps to be sacrificed. When they had haled them up to a small platform in front of the shrine where they kept their accursed idols we saw them put plums on the heads of many of them; and then they made them dance with a sort of fan in front of Huichilobos. Then after they had danced the papas (Aztec priests) laid them down on their backs on some narrow stones of sacrifice and, cutting open their chests, drew out their palpitating hearts which they offered to the idols before them. Then they kicked the bodies down the steps, and the Indian butchers who were waiting below cut off their arms and legs and flayed their faces, which they afterwards prepared like glove leather, with their beards on, and kept for their drunken festivals. Then they ate their flesh with a sauce of peppers and tomatoes.† -Spanish Conquistador, Bernal Diaz (The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice by Michael Harner (1977:46-50)) The Aztecs were a tribe in central Mexico during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. They were located in Tenochtitlan, now Mexico City, on an island in Lake Texcoco. The Aztec community was highly advanced for their time period in things such as architecture and mathematics. They developed a complex calendar, irrigation systems, exquisite art, advanced agriculture, canals used in transportation, chinampas (floating gardens), and were the first civilization to require their children to go to school. Yet, they were extremely violent and resorted to barbaric acts. It appears from the Spanish records and archaeological findings that the Aztecs were most definitely a violent society, but were they inherently violent or did they have rational reasons related to non-violence explaining their behavior? The main reason scholars think that the Aztecs were seen as a malicious  group was their ritual of human sacrificing. Spanish records of the Aztecs have been known to exaggerate their descriptions of human sacrificing but archaeological research done in 1960 and 1969 tends to support the conquistadores’ accounts. Headless human rib cages completely lacking the limb bones were found at Aztec sacrificial sites. Although these remains were found, many scholars perceive this as a religious act pertaining to the Aztec’s belief that humans must sacrifice that, which was most precious to them, life, in order to receive in return the sun, rain, and other blessings of the gods that make life possible. Ortiz de Montellano (1978,1990) attributed the Aztec practice of human sacrifice to their belief that the gods required it. He went on to say that the majority of human sacrifice during harvest periods indicated that it was â€Å"a gesture of thanks and reciprocity to the gods ( 1978:614).† The Aztecs often went to war with their neighbors to bring back prisoners for human sacrifice; this was called the flowery wars. Although the Aztecs did take prisoners to be sacrificed, some scholars believe that the flowery wars were not only for obtaining sacrificial victims. Hassig (1990) linked human sacrifice to their unstable economic position. He analyzed the flowery wars as an empire-building strategy that was used to wear down stronger enemies rather than as a deliberate procedure to capture people for sacrifice. Price (1978) and Isaac (1983) similarly thought that the flowery wars reflected the shifting of power between neighboring cities and their inability to conquer the Valley of Mexico (Tlaxcala-Pueblan Valley). Price suggests that the failure of military conquering made human sacrifice an ideal excuse to explain this lack of success. King Moteuczoma characterized the wars as rituals for obtaining captives and as military training for soldiers. This is seen as a strateg ic plan to direct the conquistadores’ attention away from political and military weaknesses in the Aztec civilization. In the mass majority of sacrificial rituals, cannibalism was performed. This often took part during the sacrificing of prisoners of war but also happened during the sacrifice of some of their own people. Harner (1977) rejected anthropological theories hypothesizing that human sacrifice was  caused by the requirement of their religion and gods. He thought that their causes were because of a high population rate that caused protein scarcity. Based on studies of population pressure, Harner (1970) suggested that the big picture of Aztec human sacrifice and cannibalism resulted from demographical and ecological factors. These created protein shortages, population pressure, seasonal crop failures, a lack of livestock, the depletion of wild game in the region, famine, and the environment surrounding the valley was not suitable for farming due to the desertification of the land. The Aztecs had corn and beans to provide protein but since these vegetables could only be grown in certain seasons, they were an insufficient way to get protein. This is what led Harner to believe cannibalism was their only constant and abundant supply of protein. Harner also suggested that the purpose of the flowery wars was to capture prisoners to sacrifice with the intent to consume them. Price, (1978) however, disagreed. She stated that the highest classes of society, who consumed most of the human sacrifices, already had easy access to other meat. Ortiz De Montellano (1978) argued against Harner’s hypothesis as well. He stated that there was a wide range of meat protein available, advances in agricultural techniques, plenty of stored food, and that the Aztecs had a good overall diet. Montellano also suggested other ideas as to why the â€Å"ecological hypothesis† was not true. The first was that the Aztecs were conquering new lands and areas for agriculture, which sometimes provided them with a new source of game to hunt, thus having a larger pool of meat to eat. His second was of the minor availability of the total human protein from sacrifice because the flesh was reserved for the elite, which included great warriors and priests. Montellano’s third was evidence that explained that the bulk of the Aztec’s sacrifices took part during the periods of time in the year when there were plenty of crops and plenty of food to easily sustain them. This means that instead of the Aztecs relying on human meat during the off-season, they practiced cannibalism regardless of their food status. Michael Winkelman (1998) said, â€Å"in comparison to other societies with human  sacrifice, the Aztecs were extreme in several measures: they were the only human sacrifice society in this sample with a high risk of famine; the highest on several measures of population pressure; in the highest category of population density (over 500 persons per square mile); and had the highest levels of overall warfare for land resources. Therefore, their sacrifice and cannibalism may reflect their extreme conditions on many ecological variables.† John M. D. Pohl (2002) stated, â€Å"Aztec sacrifice, once perceived as a ruthless practice committed by a ‘tribe’ seemingly obsessed with bloodshed, is now seen as no more or less brutal than what many imperial civilizations have done.† The Aztecs were not the only people throughout the Earth’s history to have such violent practices. William Prescott (1992) compiled research comparing the Aztecs violent ways to those of other cultures throughout history. According to Prescott’s research, such violent practices were found among the ancient Canaanites, the Celtic people, and the Romans. The Romans had slaves that they condemned to die merely for the purpose of entertainment in the Colosseum. The research also notes the story of Abraham and Isaac in the Old Testament, where Abraham was willing to sacrifice his son for God. While the story was against sacrifice it still shows that it was a known practice. Another biblical story of sacrifice that Prescott mentions is the story of Jepthah. Jepthah pledges that he will sacrifice the first living creature that he saw when returning home if god would give him victory in his upcoming battle. When Jepthah returns home, he is greeted by his daughter and is forced by the bindings of his word to make a burnt offering of his daughter. Prescott’s compilation of research also included the Hindu custom of suttee, which was the suicide of the widow on the funeral pyre of her husband because of the Hindu belief in Samsara. French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss (1964) described the Aztecs as suffering from â€Å"a maniacal obsession with blood and torture.† However, Harner (1977:51) stated, â€Å"Gruesome as these practices may seem, an ecological perspective and population pressure theory render the Aztec emphasis on human sacrifice acceptable as a natural and rational response to the material conditions of their existence. A materialist ecological  approach reveals the Aztecs to be neither irrational nor mentally ill, but merely human beings who, faced with unusual survival problems, responded with unusual behavior.† The Aztec’s beliefs about the world and how they, as a people, could keep the sun rising and the plants growing and therefore continued life for future generations was also a very powerful force in their commitment to give to the gods the highest honor of human sacrifice. The Aztecs definitely had a violent culture and had some very unorthodox practices, but were their methods any more cruel than nuclear warfare, terrorism, and torture for political reasons? We look at the Aztec’s reasons for their violent actions as insufficient but we do not question our own reasons for the violence we create today. Perhaps it’s in the way we view, interpret, and justify the actions.

Developing yourself Essay Example for Free

Developing yourself Essay Findings: The CIPD profession map is a tool used to support the profession as a whole to develop products and services, yet it also accelerates the professional development of individuals. The map was created and is used by individuals and organisations; it’s a vital resource if you are working or connected in the HR profession. Whatever sector and/or size of an organisation the professional map is a great help, whether you are a specialist or generalist in talent, reward, learning development, employee relations and engagement. There are three key components to the map, which are: professional areas, behaviours and bands and transitions. The core professional areas show how a HR professional should think and look at tasks, then how to influence the relevant employees to the best outcome. There are then eight further areas surrounding the professional areas and when they are all combined, create the role of a great hr employee. Each area is essential to any business. The eight areas are: service delivery and information, organisation design, organisation development, resourcing and talent planning, learning and development, performance and reward, employee engagement, employee relations and service delivery and information. Once professional HR areas are covered, behaviours are the next vital key to becoming an effective HR professional. There are eight behaviours and they require an employee to be a strong character that leads by example and is confident when advising and influencing all levels of staff from entry to high level. Each behaviour is divided into four bands of professional competence. Each behaviour also lists a number of contra indicators which illustrate negative behaviour. Comment on the activities and knowledge specified within any 1 professional area, at either band one or band two identify those you consider most essential to your own or other identified hr role. Conclusion: A HR practitioner should ensure the services they provide are timely and effective. Different customers have different needs in a HR role and you need to prioritise conflicting needs. Shown below are different customers to  a HR practioner and examples of what needs they may have. Managers look to human resources for sound business advice on how to review, analyse and address people issues. They expect the HR services to be timely and accurate. Supervisors expect human resources to be available on an as-needed basis to help solve people issues. They expect, and frequently demand, help interpreting company policies, expediting personnel matters and preparing or completing paperwork. Most importantly, supervisors expect to learn from their interactions with human resources in order for them to return to their work unit and handle personnel matters. Associates look to human resources to provide, explain or confirm information about company policies and procedures. They expect human re sources to be an empathetic ear to their concerns and to help them solve work-related problems. They expect human resources to anticipate problems and to provide sound recommendations to management. To the applicant, human resources are the company. Applicants expect accurate information about employment opportunities, fair consideration of their qualifications and courteous treatment. An example of how you would prioritise conflicting needs is shown below: When in a HR role a supervisor may need a report by the end of the day completing, a manager may need you to sort a conflict between two members of staff and a member of staff may be dealing with bereavement and is upset. You would then organise how and who or what task is the priority and arrange how it will all be dealt with or completed. In this situation I would delegate the report to another member of staff, I would then arrange a time to address the issues between the two conflicting members of staff then I would then deal with the member of staff with bereavement as I would see them as the highest priority. Then all issues and tasks should be completed/ resolved by the end of the day. This shows how you have an empathetic ear to concerns, you are helping solve work related problems and you are completing tasks under a time scale with organisation and delegation. Communication methods: Employee communication is about the HR aspects of communication from management to employees and of course employees to management. The first aspect is downward communication this is where management communicate to employees the second aspect is upward communication and this is when  employees communicate to management. Managers have to communicate with employees all the time that they are at work it is impossible not to, plentiful communication with employee’s has been shown to be linked to good company performance. Communication could be formal or informal. Smaller company’s often rely on informal methods and have few formal methods of communication with employees. In some cases they prefer to encourage social events for promoting mutual communication. Shown below are some examples of communication: Downward communication: Upward communication: Workforce briefings for all or part of the workforce on key issues Employee attitude surveys Quality circles, regular meeting with all or part of the workforce Suggestion schemes Appraisal interviews Employee forums Newsletters, electronic circular and dvds Project teams With communication you can come across issues these are: Subject What is communicated is the most important issue. HR can send a message to employees only on subjects which they choose to communicate with them. For example, certain information may not be passed on to certain employees because the organisation may not want to disclose this information. Quality You do not want to give too much information as employees may have problems digesting it. You need to make sure the quality of communication is high. Depth The depth of the information must be fit for purpose for example it may be too detailed and confusing for those who it is aimed at as it may have initially been designed for a management circular, re-worked slightly and the circulated to part time workers. Receptiveness Employees should feel that they are being listened to; they may voice their  ideas but feel that they are not listened to, and this would then create a negative effect amongst them and actually demotivating them. Action on their views may or may not be considered a good idea, but employees should then receive feedback on their views. Regularity Employees learn to trust the communication if it is regular and tells them important information. Regular communication means it is less likely rumours which are incorrect circulate in workplaces. A balance must be made between giving people information so regularly that they are swamped with it, and too infrequently so that uncertainty arises. Timing Information may be released when leaked information has already reached employees as rumour and it may then be treated with contempt. Information may be released too early or too late. A good example of this is redundancy information. Employees themselves are sensitive when they read about their own redundancy in the newspaper or see it on the news. You should inform employees of this information at the relevant time so they find out from you first. In the HR role you are likely to have an important role in building managers presentational and communication skills, since operational managers are often appointed mainly for other skills that they have, they may need help in developing their interpersonal skills. HR professionals have people issues at the forefront of their minds, they may advise on where and when sensitive meetings such as appraisals or disciplinary meetings might be best held. HR professionals can act as advisors to individual operational managers on how to communicate to employees on issues such as their pension or legal rights, or alternatively communicate directly with the individual employee’s on such subjects. These matters are of vital importance to employees, for whom areas like pensions and benefits packages are central issues. Getting communication right in these areas is therefor also at the centre of HR professional jobs. HR professionals sometimes have to advise both senior and operational managers on employee’s feelings on different subjects. It is usually the HR professionals who are called on to run or at least source and oversee employee attitude surveys, forums etc. to some extent they may also try to act as employee advocates in order to maintain employee commitment and motivation. HR has a key role to play in improving  communication including by providing training and coaching for other managers and workers which can improve their informal and formal communication. Effective Service delivery is a vital key in a HR role shown below are the key points of how to achieve it to a high standard. Delivering service on time: Delivering service on a budget: Dealing with difficult customers, Handling and resolving complaints: When dealing with difficult customers that may have a complaint or issue there are certain ways to deal with the situation so that it does not escalate and gets resolved. Firstly you need to identify the complaint and get as many facts together as possible. You always need to listen and empathize whilst clarifying that you both understand. Then you would log the complaint and investigate why, who, how and what evidence. Once that is achieved I think it is best to identify an end goal so there is something to aim for and the issue should then be resolved. When trying to resolve the situation always keep the complainant updated with any progress and also make sure you are following the company’s policy and try and keep it to the smallest time frame. Once the situation is resolved I would then try to investigate why it happened and how to prevent re-occurrence. In a HR role I believe you should be committed to treating customers with courtesy and respect at all times, responding promptly to all enquiries made by telephone, email, post, fax, or in person, ensuring accuracy of administration, respecting and maintaining confidentiality, equality of opportunity in employment, updating skills through continuous professional development, regularly and systematically seeking, listening to and acting upon the views of customers. I think a HR function should obtain much more thorough feedback from its internal customers these are line managers, senior managers and employees. This should cover both what they need from HR, and their user experience of current services. Such feedback, as this study illustrates, can generate a clear overview or ‘footprint’ of the HR function in a particular organisation. It can provide fresh insights and help the HR function to focus its efforts in areas that add value to the  business. Bibliography: http://www.cipd.co.uk/cipd-hr-profession/profession-map/professional-areas/service-delivery-information.aspx

Development of a Perception System for Indoor Environments

Development of a Perception System for Indoor Environments Autonomous navigation is a well-known task in robotic research. It is associated to get the environmental information such as visual images or distance or proximity measurements from external sensors and to detect obstacles and measure the distance to objects close to the robot path[10, 35]. Most robots are equipped to distance sensors like ultrasonic, laser or infrared to be able to move through corridors and to follow walls in indoor environments. A[A1] control algorithm based on odometric sensorial information and distance measurements supplied by sonar sensors was developed to guide a mobile robot moving along a corridor or following a wall in [3]. The[A2] Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) structure was evaluated for wall following task using ultrasound sensors in [17]. a mobile robot control law for corridor navigation and wall-following, based on sonar and odometric sensorial information is proposed. The control law allows for stable navigation avoiding actuator saturation. The posture information of the robot travelling through the corridor is estimated by using odometric and sonar sensing. The[A3] ultrasonic sensors were also used to measure and obtain the distance and orientation of a robot utilizing a Fuzzy Incremental Controller (FIC) for controlling a wall follower robot [10]. Trajectory tracking task is an especial task of wall following which is no obstacle like walls to detect. So, distance sensors like sonar or infrared could not help the robot to follow the trajectory. Control[A4] algorithms based on vision sensors have also been introduced for indoor navigation. For example, a robot utilized a vanishing point of lines extracted from the corridor structure in order to identify the heading direction. But, a complex mathematical calculation is needed to capture the vanishing point [37]. A[A5] CCD color camera was used to control the position of a robot while it navigated towards a target position [15]. The images of this camera were processed and the visual features of environment were fed through a neural network to enable a mobile robot to identify its own position. The task of orientation recognition was applied in order to follow a path in environment, too. The[A6] 3D trajectory estimation for unknown outdoor environments was investigated in [31]. This estimation was based on vision information captured by a trinocular stereo camera that is mounted on the robot. No prior map was used and the trajectory is found by tracking and detecting relative changes in the position of features extracted from images. Most techniques used complex mathematical equations and models of the operating environment to achieve the ability to move through corridors, to follow walls, to turn corners and to enter open areas of the rooms for an indoor navigation task [7]. Researchers[A7] used vision sensors to detect trajectory and to design their steering control law using the kinematic equations of motion[13, 34]. In these works which were considered in an off-road environment, the robot used both laser range finder and stereo vision. The laser was used to scan the close front ground for analyzing its roughness, and stereo vision apperceived drivable situation of far front ground. The path planning was performed using the data acquired from these sensors. Among three processes applied in outdoor navigation, including perception, planner, and motion control module, these works were focused on the decision of control laws of the robot, i.e. the longitudinal velocity, the lateral velocity, and the angles of sensor pan-tilts. The controller uses the information prepared by the planner. The characteristics of terrain like coefficient of longitudinal rolling resistance and the coefficient of lateral friction are known, and a description of trajectory space is presented according to the robots dynamic analysis. The[A8] Reinforcement Learning (RL) was applied to control a wall follower robot for learning reactive behaviors[30]. The environment is perceived in 3D using a stereo and mono vision. In this work, the images are processed to reduce the amount of relevant information and a small occupancy grid with 9 cells is created to discretize the state space. The controller utilized Q-learning technique and the action space was discrete, too. The most considerable works which have yet been done in outdoor robot navigation have constructed a grid map to determine the traversability of the terrains. The classical methods focus on a binary representation of the terrain from an obstacle occupancy point of view. Another approach is to characterize the presence of an obstacle in a grid cell by giving a continuous value. This value represents the probability distribution for occupancy of the grid cell by an obstacle. The more comprehensive methods evaluate terrain characteristics, too[9, 33]. For example, traversability is defined as a non-binary mathematical function of the slope and roughness of the terrain for each cell [18]. This traversability degree has not been interfered to robot local control directly and it has just been used in the path planner. They use some systems like GPS to find their locations and measure the distance they moved through. Kinect[A9] sensor was used to capture 3D point cloud data of outdoor environment in [28]. This data were fed to a 3D Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm to localize the robot in the environment. This point cloud was projected into a 2D plane to make a 2D SLAM algorithm applicable, too. According to this research, the advantages of Kinect sensor are a considerably lower price, and the inclusion of color into the maps in compared to conventional laser scanners. A[A10] system with two main parts was applied on surveillance mobile robot and enable it to have an autonomous navigation [4]. One part is a reactive navigation system. It used Kinect data to avoid obstacles. In this part, the depth map with one row and 5 columns was created using each depth image and pixel intensity of three cells (left, front and right) are analyzed to compute the absolute minimum and maximum distances between sensor and obstacles. Eight different situations and their relevant action commands are determined. A classifying system trained possible situations of an indoor environment using Kinect data in second part of the system. [A1]a mobile robot control law for corridor navigation and wall-following, based on sonar and odometric sensorial information is proposed. The control law allows for stable navigation avoiding actuator saturation. The posture information of the robot travelling through the corridor is estimated by using odometric and sonar sensing. [A2]In particular we deal with the well-known strategy of navigating by wall-following. In this study, probabilistic neural network (PNN) structure was used for robot navigation tasks. The provided files comprise three different data sets. The first one contains the raw values of the measurements of all 24 ultrasound sensors and the corresponding class label Sensor readings are sampled at a rate of 9 samples per second. [A3]The robot navigation is based on wall following algorithm. The robot is controlled using fuzzy incremental controller (FIC) and embedded in PIC18F4550 microcontroller. FIC guides the robot to move along a wall in a desired direction by maintaining a constant distance to the wall. Two ultrasonic sensors are installed in the left side of the robot to sense the wall distance. The wall following control of the autonomous robot has been presented using ultrasonic sensors. The sensor data are used to measure and obtain the distance and orienta- tion of the robot [A4]Some control algorithms based on artificial vision have been introduced, where the robot is allowed to move by following the wall in the corridor like the one introduced by Durrant-Whyte et al. In other research work, Zhou et al. [20] let the robot in their work to identify the heading direction through a vanishing point of lines extracted from the corridor structure. The lines look like they are scattering from one point in the image of the corridor. This one point is the vanishing point. Although it looks easy to extract the lines, but capturing the vanishing point require a complex mathematical calculation. [A5]The problem of controlling the pose of a mobile robot with respect to a target position by means of visual feedback is investigated mainly. The proposed method enables a mobile robot to identify its own position using visual features of environment. At the same time, the robot performs an orientation recognition using the same recognition method of position identification in order to follow a path in environment We developed a visual perception navigation algorithm where the robot is able to recognize its own position and orientation through robust distinguishing operation using a single vision sensor. [A6]This paper describes ongoing research at the University of British Columbia on the problem of real-time purely vision based 3D trajectory estimation for outdoor and unknown environments. The system includes an inexpensive trinocular stereo camera that can be mounted anywhere on the robot. It employs existing scene information and requires no prior map, nor any modifi cation to be made in the scene. [A7] Autonomous mobile robot achieves outdoor navigation by three processes, including the environment information acquired by the perception module, the control decision made by the planner module, and the motion plan performed by the motion control module[8]. Consequently, for safe and accurate outdoor navigation it is vital to harmonize the three modules performance. In this paper, the emphasis is focused on the decision of control laws of the robot, and objects include the longitudinal velocity, the lateral velocity, and the angles of sensor pan-tilts. In an off-road environment, the robot uses laser range finder (LRF) with one degree of freedom (DOF) pan-tilt (only tilt) to scan bumpy situation of the close front ground, on which the robot is moving, and employs stereo vision with two DOF pan-tilt to perceive drivable situation of far front ground. With the data accessed from laser and vision sensors, the passable path can be planned, and the velocities of left side and right side of the robot can be controlled to track the path, consequently, the robot off-road running is completed In this paper, a description of trajectory space[7] is presented according to the robots dynamic analysis, which is defined as the two-dimensional space of the robots turning angular speed and longitude velocity. [A8]This article describes the development of a wall following behaviour using a methodology for the learning of visual and reactive behaviours with reinforcement learning. With the use of artifi cial vision the environment is perceived in 3D, and it is possible to avoid obstacles that are invisible to other sensors that are more common in mobile robotics. the image is divided into a grid made up of 3 rows and 3 columns (Fig. 2(c)) for codifi cation. Each cell will have either free or ocuppied label, depending on the number of edge pixels it contains. Thus defi ned, the state space is 29, and in order to reduce it, it is supposed that if a cell in one of the columns is occupied, all those cells above it are also occupied. [A9]In this paper we investigate the suitability of the Xbox Kinect optical sensor for navigation and simultaneous localisation and mapping. We present a prototype which uses the Kinect to capture 3D point cloud data of the external environment. The data is used in a 3D SLAM to create 3D models of the environment and localise the robot in the environment. By projecting the 3D point cloud into a 2D plane, we then use the Kinect sensor data for a 2D SLAM algorithm. We compare the performance of Kinectbased 2D and 3D SLAM algorithm with traditional solutions and show that the use of the Kinect sensor is viable. Our research indicates that the Kinect is a viable option for use as a sensor for mobile robotic navigation and SLAM. It ofiâ‚ ¬ers signifi cant advantages over conventional laser scanners, such as 3D model building, pure visual SLAM, a considerably lower price, and the inclusion of colour into the maps. [A10]This paper presents the development of a perception system for indoor environments to allow autonomous navigation for surveillance mobile robots. The system is composed by two parts. The first part is a reactive navigation system in which a mobile robot moves avoiding obstacles in environment, using the distance sensor Kinect. The second part of this system uses a artificial neural network (ANN) to recognize different configurations of the environment, for example, path ahead, left path, right path and intersections. The ANN is trained using data captured by the Kinect sensor in indoor environments. This way, the robot becomes able to perform a topological navigation combining internal reactive behavior to avoid obstacles and the ANN to locate the robot in the environment, in a deliberative behavior

Julius Caesar Analysis :: essays papers

Julius Caesar Analysis Aristotle was perhaps the pioneer of modern day dramas, more specifically dramatic tragedies. He first defined what a tragedy is: A drama which contained hubris, pathos and/or bathos, and the most valued element in a tragedy, a tragic hero. This was usually the main character who is noble in his deeds, yet has one flaw which causes him to fall. The tragic works of Shakespeare were no exception. In the drama, Julius Caesar the reader can clearly see many of the principles of a tragedy. That is all except for the tragic hero. Ideas as to who is the tragic hero range from Cassius to Julius Caesar himself. The trouble is all characters have material to prove and disprove them. However the hypothesis that Marcus Brutus is the tragic hero is incorrect. One element to a tragic hero is the hero has only one tragic flaw, and Brutus clearly has more than one flaw in his character. The first flaws in Brutus character is his naivete and the assumptions he makes about other characters. Through out the entire story these two flaws are reflected in many of his decisions and actions. A specific example is his view on the Roman populace. Thinking all Romans are honorable and noble it is not only incorrect, but it plagues him until the very end of the play. One instance occurred as the conspirators were meeting. Brutus stated, Lets kill him boldly, but not wrathfully...... This shall make our purpose necessary and not envious.... (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, 2.1. 172 & 177-178). He honestly believed that all involved were going to kill Caesar for honorable reasons. Not once did he question the motives of everyone, where, in reality Brutus probably was the only involved for noble reasons. Brutus undoubtedly convinces the reader of his own naivete when he states, ... let us bathe our hands in Caesars blood... Lets all cry ^Peace, freedom, and liberty!! (3.1. 106 & 110) Just by his enthusiasm, Brutus is not aware of any other motives. He simply believes that , Peace, freedom, and liberty are the only motives. Another example was during his speech at Caesars funeral. ... not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more (3.2. 18-20). Addressing the nobility of his actions and his love for Rome, Brutus surmises that the people understand him because of their equal love for their country. This assumption is evident because he uses it as the sole reason for killing Caesar. A reason that Brutus believes the people agree with, otherwise he would not use it to rationalize such a

Comparing Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse and Kawabatas Snow Countr

Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse and Kawabata's Snow Country      Ã‚  Ã‚   Virginia Woolf's claim that plot is banished in modern fiction is a misleading tenet of Modernism. The plot is not eliminated so much as mapped out onto a more local level, most obviously with the epic structural comparison in Ulysses. In To the Lighthouse, Woolf's strategy of indirect discourse borrows much from Impressionism in its exploration of the ways painting can freeze a moment and make it timeless. In Kawabata's Snow Country, the story of Yoko and her family and its relationship to the rest of the novel corresponds with an even more modern medium, film, and its superimposition of contradictory image.    Lily Briscoe's metaphor stabilize the chaotic reality around her, order them into a visible representation, and make them timeless. She shares these goals with the Impressionists, for whom moments of being (as Woolf calls them elsewhere) are also "illuminations, matches struck unexpectedly in the dark" (161). The instantaneity of this image, and its reliance on light, is crucial for To the Lighthouse; through the single match Lily, and Woolf, light forest fires. Other parts of the narrative clarify and become resonant through specific moments of consciousness; one character's thoughts feed into another's, the narrative voice filters through everyone else's, and the reader sees, as Lily does, the "X-ray photograph" (91) of everyone's desires and fears. The plot is compromised in these scenes, or in the throwaway line in "Time Passes" that parenthetically tells us that Mrs. Ramsay died last night. But just as this remark is framed by brackets, so does each moment of being f rame something else, a larger context the singular... ...raps the sounds around each other, showing that language, even at its most freeing, is still confining. But the image is enough, and through this the Milky Way creates an anti-gravity field that lifts the characters out of their bodies: "The limitless depth of the Milky Way pulled his gaze up into it" (165). It is in this non-Newtonian manner that Kawabata directs our attention to the plot outline of his novel. We may focus on one moment, but it is infinitely refracted throughout the text, and at each moment we linger on the image, the reflected image, or the idea of the image; the plot is always there, but not always the primary image.    Works Cited: Kawabata, Yasunari. Snow Country. Berkley Publishing Corporation: New York, NY 1956. Woolf, Virginia. To the Lighthouse. Introduction by D.M. Hoare, Ph.D. London: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1960

Slaughterhouse-Five and the Psychological Consequences of War :: Slaughterhouse-Five Essays

â€Å"How nice- to feel nothing, and still get full credit for being alive† (Vonnegut 181). In Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five the main character Billy Pilgrim experiences few emotions during his time in World War II. His responses to people and events lack intensity or passion. Throughout the novel Billy describes his time travel to different moments in his life, including his experience with the creatures of Tralfamadore and the bombing of Dresden. He wishes to die during most of the novel and is unable to connect with almost anyone on Earth. The fictional planet Tralfamadore appears to be Billy’s only way of escaping the horrors of war, and acts as coping mechanism. Billy seems to be a soldier with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as he struggles to express feelings and live in his reality. At the beginning of the novel the narrator proposes his reason for writing the book is to explain what happened in the Dresden fire bombing, yet he focuses on Billy’s psyche more than the bombing itself. PTSD prevents Billy from living a hea lthy life, which shows readers that the war does not stop after the fighting is over and the aftermath is ongoing. Billy Pilgrim’s story portrays the bombing and war in a negative light to readers, as Vonnegut shows the damaging effects of war on an individual, such as misperception of time, disconnect from peers, and inability to feel strong emotions, to overall create a stronger message. Billy Pilgrim time travels to various moments in his life at random, which suggests he has no power over his mind and the memories that haunt him. He â€Å"is spastic in time, (and) has no control over where he is going next† (Vonnegut 43), as he struggles to make sense of his past. Billy’s ability to remember events in an erratic sequence, mirrors the happenings of war. War is sudden, fast paced, and filled with unexpected twists and turns. Billy cannot forget what he experienced during his time as a soldier, and in turn his mind subconsciously imitates this hectic quality of war. This behavior proves that although the war is over, â€Å"psychologically, Billy has never fully left† (Vees-Gulani). For many soldiers, especially those who were prisoners of war (POW), it is inevitable that their mind will not be like it once was (Vees-Gulani).

Related Literature of Brand Preferences on Mobile Phones

How to resolve Conflict Conflicts may be solved using three simplified ways: 1. The win-lose method – The protagonist assumes an ether I lose or I win attitude. Explanation: the win-lose method is a kind of method in resolving a problem or case wherein, one party will have the possibility of winning the case or they will lose on the case. 2. The win some–lose some method – One party attempts to get the most of the other using the primary tactical work of bargaining. It is also called as â€Å"compromising stance†. Explanation: the win some-lose some method is a kind of method wherein one party is aggravate because he/she is compromise in a certain problem or case. For example I am a driver. And accidentally my car was bumped in a sari-sari store. The store-owner suggested that I will only pay the damages so that I will not be on jail. Because I am in a compromised position, I should pay the damages so that I will not be jailed.In my part I â€Å"win someà ¢â‚¬  because I will be not jailed anymore but â€Å"lose some† because, I’ve lose some money in paying the damages. 3. The win-win method – A process where both parties attempt to get the sources/causes of disagreement together in the hope of getting a solution that would together benefit them not only as individuals but also as organization. Explanation: the win-win method is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that they’ve won, in some way, after the event.

History Of Antimicrobial Agents Health And Social Care Essay

chemic compounds biosynthetic solelyy or synthetic all in ally produced which either write scratch off or utilisationfully stamp down the growing or metamorphosis of a assortment of microscopic or submicroscopic con stratumations of life. On the footing of their primary activity, they be to a greater extent specifically called bactericide, fungicide, antiprotozoal, antiparasitic, or antiviral operators.3.2 history of disinfectant get on withntsThe modern epoch of disinfectant chemotherapy began in 1929, with Fleming s find of the sizable disinfectant substance, Penicillin and Domagk s find in 1935 of man-made chemicals ( sulfa doses ) with wide antimicrobial activity. In the early 1940 s spurred partially by the demand for antibacterial agents in World War II, penicillin was obscure and purified and injected into experimental inhale beings, where it was found non merely to bewilder around transmission systems but besides to take in improbably low toxicity for th e animate beings. This fact ushered into being the age of antibiotic drug do medicines chemotherapy, and an intense hunt for similar healthful agents of low toxicity to animate beings that susceptibility turn out utile in the intervention of infective disease. The rapid closing off of Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline shortly fall outed, and by the 1950 s, these and several other antibiotics were in clinical utilization ( 13 ) .The lustre of the germicide epoch shortly began to demo causal agent of tarnish nevertheless, as first bacteriums, so fungi, and so vir using ups began to excogitate ohmic resistance to the healthful agents enjoin against them. Microbial inventiveness and resilience have neer been more app atomic number 18nt(a) than in their singular ability to develop opposition to chemotherapeutic agents. This is particularly dependable of bacteriums that have modified their Deoxyribonucleic acid by chromosomal mutant and by geting opposition ci strons via junction, transmutation, and even transduction. on that point argon ostensibly no boundaries to the capablenesss of some micro-organisms to develop opposition. The encyclopaedism of Vancocin opposition in Enterococci by the assembly of multiple foreign cistrons into exchangeable elements and the presentation of movable fluoroquinolone opposition cistrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae ar 2 graphic illustrations of this ( 14,15 ) . germicide opposition has been fueled by impertinent utilization of healthful agents, particularly those directed against bacteriums. Widespread industrial and agricultural enjoyment of disinfectants has played a function, but the involuntariness of the health check exam profession to accept steps for the learn of indiscriminate prescribing and in becharm dosing of antibiotics besides h anile to be addressed. Clinicians have failed to cover with a potentially solvable job, and others are taking up the challenge. The grim spread of heal thful opposition is now of take to bureaus of numerous authoritiess and health bureaus worldwide, including the World Health Organization, which has assay to supply lucid solutions to the job ( 16 ) .Several writers ( 7,8 ) have in mannikin concern about(predicate) the uninterrupted indiscriminate and excessive drill of healthful agents that promote the cognitive process of antibiotic-resistant beings. Monitoring of antimicrobic role and noesis of ethical medicine wonts are some of the schemes recommended to integrated opposition to disinfectants in hospitalized long-sufferings.3.3 dose economic consumption questionDrug consumption interrogation was be by WHO as the selling, distribution, ethical drug drug(prenominal)(prenominal) and fashion of do drugss in a society, with particular accent on the ensuing medical, social and economic effectuate . The primary importance of drug phthisis interrogation is to ease rational drug practice session in the population. A dependable cognition about how drugs are plus helpers in measuring the conclude in drug determination and to check prescribing patterns. It besides provides penetration into whether the official drug therapy provides value for money. The part of use surveies for rational drug consists of three of import ways. rendering of drug usage forms.Provides early signals of mistaken drug usage.Helps in follow up of intercessions to better drug usage.The importance of Drug Utilization surveies increases in pharmacoepidemiolgy by bridging more closely with other countries such as pre valleynt health, rational usage of drugs, grand found drug usage, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics, eco -pharmacovigilance and pharmacogenetics ( 17 ) .The research in this field analyses the up-to-date country and the developmental tendency in drug use at assorted spirit levels of the wellness watchfulness system, whether interior(a), regional, local or institutional. They aid i n measuring drug usage at a population degree, harmonizing to age, sex, societal category, morbidity and other factors ( 18 ) .3.4 ethical drug and OrderingSurveies of prescription and prescribing are an of import percent of use surveies. On utilizing informations on prescriptions it is possible,To canvass forms of drug usage among unhurried classs defined by age, sex or diagnosing.To break up the relation between impose medical specialty and evident exponent.Identify the unwellnesss intimately often treated.Identify and analyze prescription determiners, such as the extent to which prescribing has been influenced by peculiar information or advance runs.Examine specific safety jobs in drug usage in the perceptible radiation of real(a) pattern ( 19 ) .3.5 Drug Use IndexsDatas from medical patterns and wellness installations may be employ to measure specific facets of wellness proviso and drug usage. This information is used to bring out indexs that provide information on doing wonts and facets of enduring attention.These indexs can be used to find where drug usage jobs exist, provide a mechanism for monitoring and oversight and motivate wellness attention suppliers to follow established wellness attention criterions. prescription drug and dispensing informations are utile for finding some of the quality indexs of drug usage recommended by the WHO. These includeAverage account of drugs per rinse contribution of drugs appointive by generic name character of brushs with an antibiotic dictatePercentage of brushs with an injection positivisticPercentage of drugs appointed from indwelling drugs harken or pharmacopeiaAverage drug salute per brushThe indexs of ordering patterns evaluate the public presentation of wellness attention suppliers in assorted dimensions related to allow usage of drugs ( 19 ) .3.5.1. Average underframe of drugs per brushPurpose To appraise the grievance of polypharmacy.Prerequisites Combination drugs are counted a s a individual drug prescription. Guidelines are needful on how to number reliable equivocal prescribing patterns ( e.g. some standardised incidental therapies ) . computer science Average, calculated by spliting the absolute manakin of various drug merchandises plus, by the prognosticate of brushs observeed. It is non relevant whether the patient in reality acquire the drugs.3.5.2. Percentage of drugs positive by generic namePurpose To mensurate the inclination to order by generic name.Prerequisites Research workers must(prenominal) be able to detect the existent name calling used in the prescription instead than merely h obsolescenting price of admission to the names of the merchandises dispensed, since these may be antithetical a bring up must be on hand(predicate) of specific merchandise names to be counted as generic drugs. computing Percentage, calculated by spliting the regard of drugs prescribed by generic name by the inherent figure of drugs prescribed, multiplied by degree Celsius.3.5.3. Percentage of brushs with an antibiotic prescribedPurpose To mensurate the boilers suit degree of antibiotic usage.Prerequisites A list must be available of all the drug merchandises which are to be counted as antibiotics.Calculation per centums, calculated by spliting the figure of patient brushs during which an antibiotic was prescribed, by the entire figure of brushs vistaed, multiplied by 100.3.5.4. Percentage of brushs with an injection prescribedPurpose To mensurate the overall degree of usage of two of import, but unremarkably overused and dearly-won signifiers of drug therapy.Prerequisites A list must be available of all the drug merchandises which are to be counted as antibiotics research workers must be instructed about which immunisations are non to be counted as injections.Calculation Percentages calculated by spliting the figure of patient brushs during which an injection is prescribed, by the entire figure of brushs studyed, mu ltiplied by 100.3.5.5 Percentage of drugs prescribed from indispensable drugsPurpose To mensurate the grade to which patterns confirm to a national drug policy, as indicated by ordering from the national indispensable drugs list or formulary for the grammatical case of installation examineed.Prerequisites Transcripts of a make national indispensable drugs list or local institutional pharmacopeia to which informations on prescribed drugs can be compared processs are needed for finding whether or non business name name merchandises are equivalent to 1s looking in generic signifier on the drug list or formulary.Calculation Percentage, calculated by spliting the figure of merchandises prescribed which are listed on the indispensable drugs list or local pharmacopeia ( or which are tantamount to drugs on the list ) by the entire figure of merchandises prescribed, multiplied by 100 ( 19 ) .3.6 Intensive attention building block ( intensifier care whole )Intensive attention unit ( ICU ) is a scene where a big figure of drugs are administered to patients and where the costs of hospitalisation and drug intervention are high. The usage of anisometric empirical antimicrobic therapy is cat valium land in intense attention unit patients and contributes to a figure of hapless results. In such puting choosing appropriate antimicrobic therapy is complicated by many factors, including the big figure of agents available, the heading of immune beings and the general desire among practicians to employ the al some focussed therapy available ( 20 ) .The prescribing of antibiotics in the ICU is normally empirical, based on general position of the patients hospitalized at that rate. Appropriate antibiotic use in this scene is master(prenominal) non merely in guaranting an optimum result, but in confining the outgrowth of opposition and containing costs. We propose that research in the ICUs is vitally of import in steering antibiotic prescription patterns and ther eby advancing rational antibiotic therapy. thither is broad institutional diverseness in the comparative prevalence of prevailing formogens and their antimicrobic susceptibleness between infirmaries. Among diametrical ICUs of aforesaid(prenominal) infirmary besides there is vacillation in prevailing pathogens and their antimicrobic susceptibleness. Therefore, appropriate antibiotic prescription patterns should be hypothecate based on surveillance surveies and research for single ICUs ( 21 ) .3.7 Knowledge from old surveies3.7.1 In the medical checkup Intensive attention unit of measurementsIn a drug use survey done in westward Nepal in two hundred3 by Shankar PR et Al ( Investigation of antimicrobic usage form in the intensive intervention unit of a tenet infirmary in western Nepal ) it was discover that Mean+/-SD drugs per patient was 3.4+/-1.8. About half ( 50.2 % ) of the patients trustworthy an antimicrobic 84.6 % of the disinfectants were used without obtaining bac teriologic grounds of infection. The commonest organisms isolated on shade were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, streptococci pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. A sum of 28.9 % of the disinfectants were prescribed for lower respiratory tract infections on the footing of the putative site of infection 61.9 % of the disinfectants were prescribed by the parenteral path and chiefly the older propagation of disinfectants were used. In 39 of the 149 patients prescribed an antimicrobic, the usage was anomalous ( 22 ) .In 2010 Vandana A Bada et Al Studied Prescribing mould of Antimicrobial Agents in Medicine Intensive worry Unit of a Teaching Hospital in Central India and account that in the intensive attention unit Cefotaxime was the virtually normally used AMA by 32 % patients, followed by metronidazole by 24 % patients and Ampicillin by 17.29 % patients. 77 % patients were effrontery 1- 3 AMAs, 23 % patients were given 4 8 AMAs. Most common indicant for the a ntimicrobic therapy was infection. Harmonizing to rating usage of antimicrobic therapy was rational in merely 30 % patients. Average figure of drugs per patients were 7.5 drugs ( 23 ) .Lisha jennet toilet et Al during 2005-2006 study use of antimicrobic agents in medical intensive attention unit of a trey attention infirmary in Bangalore, India and reported that of the 902 patients admitted in the medical ICU during the survey period, male to female ratio was 1.9. The taut for age was 49.21A15.84 old ages. Extensive polypharmacy ( 100 % ) was noticed. The signify figure of drugs per patient ( prescription ) was 11.6A2.09.Cephalosporins 505 ( 69.3 % ) and aminoglycosides 263 ( 35 % ) were the normally prescribed antimicrobic drug category. Cefoperazone ( J01DD12 ) 218 ( 30 % ) , amikacin 211 ( 28.9 % ) , metronidazole 208 ( 28.6 % ) were the normally prescribed antimicrobic drug category. A sum of 228 perscriptions ( 31.3 % ) contained two antimicrobic prescription and ( 187 ) 2 5.7 % contained 3 drugs. Cefoperazone + sulbactam ( J01DD62 ) 224 ( 30.8 % ) was the most common FDC noticed ( 24 ) .A survey done in 1992 by MV Srishyla et Al surveyed the Antimicrobial prescribing form in the in-patient scene of a 800-bedded threesome infirmary in Bangalore, India showed that 56 % of in-patients were prescribed antimicrobic agents and 44 % of them received a combination of disinfectants. In all, 36 different antimicrobic agents were prescribed. Gentamicin ( 17 % ) , Metronidazole ( 9 % ) and Ciprofloxacin ( 8 % ) were the most normally used agents. Lower respiratory tract infection was the most common. The type of usage was empirical in 34 % , directed in 27 % and encumbrance in 32 % of the prescriptions. Of the contraceptive prescriptions, 80 % were for surgical prophylaxis and 61 % of these were administered by extemporaneous path. Besides, the continuance of disposal exceeded 72 hours in 92 % of the patients prescribed disinfectants for surgical prophylaxis ( 25 ) .3.7.2 In the pediatric Intensive Care UnitsIn 2003, Palikhe N studied the Prescribing form of antibiotics in pediatric infirmary of Kathmandu vale and it was found that the ungenerous figure of drugs per patient was 5.01+/-1.36 and figure of antibiotics per patient was 2.41+/-1.02. More than 98 % of the patients were exposed to, at least, two drugs. Among 121 patients clinically diagnosed with infective diseases and treated with antibiotics, specimens were taken for civilization in merely 24 instances i.e. ( 19.8 % ) to place infective beings. Merely 13 specimens showed overconfident civilization consequences. Infants less than 1 year received antibiotics more often than 1-5 and 5-12 old ages ( 40, 31 and 29 % , P & lt 0.001, P=0.000 ) . Seventy-five per centum of the entire antibiotics were administered parenterally. Cephalosporin was the drop dead most often prescribed antibiotic multitude followed by penicillin group. Significant inconsistency was found between ag e group of patient and disease encountered ( chi2 = 42.95, P=0.000 ) ( 26 ) .Shankar P R et Al studied the prescribing forms among pediatric inmates in a teaching infirmary in western Nepal during 2003-2004 and observed that 356 patients were admitted during the survey period, of which 228 were male. The average continuance of hospitalization was four yearss. The average figure of drugs prescribed per ingress was 4.5. 789 drugs ( 48.9 per centum ) were prescribed by the parenteral path. Antibiotics were prescribed in 249 admittances ( 69.9 per centum ) . Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter species were the common beings isolated, and were resistant in some instances to the commonly-used antibiotics. The mean ( +/- criterion divergence ) cost of drugs per admittance was 5.4 ( +/-1.6 ) US dollars ( 27 ) .In the twelvemonth 2004 Ansam Sawalha et Al studied the Pattern of parenteral Antimicrobial Prescription among Pediatric Patients in Al-Watani Governmental Hos pital in paradise and found that three hundred and 40 pediatric patients were admitted to Al-Watani authorities infirmary during the survey period. Gastroenteritis was the most common make up of hospitalization, while upper respiratory effect of land infection ( URTI ) was the most common cause of parenteral antimicrobic agent disposal. Two hundred and 10s ( 61.8 % ) patients received parenteral antimicrobic agents while 16 ( 4.7 % ) received both parenteral and unwritten antimicrobic agents. Single antimicrobic agent was prescribed for ( 50.6 % ) patients. Cefuroxime was the chief individual antimicrobic agent used it was administered to 70/226 ( 31 % ) patients ( 28 ) .Aparna Williams et Al ( Antibiotic prescription forms at admittance into a trine degree intensive attention unit in Northern India ) analysed Antibiotic prescription forms at admittance into a ternion degree intensive attention unit in Northern India and found that a sum of 1246 drugs and 418 antibiotics were prescribed in the 200 patients studied, that is, an norm of 6.23 ( A SD 2.73 ) drugs/prescription and 2.09 ( A SD 1.27 ) antibiotics/prescription. Antibiotics were prescribed on 190 patients ( 95 % ) at admittance. There was a important correlativity between the figure of patients prescribed three or more antibiotics and mortality rates 53 % nonsurvivors vs. 33.5 % subsisters ( P = 0.015 ) . The mean cost of the antibiotics was Rupees 1995.08 ( A SD 2099.99 ) per patient and antibiotics top accounted for 73.2 % of the entire drug costs ( 29 ) .3.7.3In the neonatal Intensive Care UnitsWarrier trinity-dimensional decimeter et Al studied the Pattern of drug use in a neonatal intensive attention unit in Children s Hospital of geographical mile during 1997 to 2004 and reported that average drug usage was 3.6/infant, with the highest usage in the 24- to 27-week gestational age group ( 11.7/infant ) . Ampicillin and cefotaxime had the highest vulnerability rates. Premature babies had high usage of wetting agent, vasoconstrictor agents, and water pills. Caucasians, males, gestational age & lt 28 hebdomads, and birthweight & lt 1000 g were the hazard factors for higher drug exposure ( 30 ) .T. B. Yves Liem et al did a survey during 2005 by roll uping informations from all terce attention NICUs in the Netherlands on clinical and demographic features and the type and measure of general antibiotic usage were analysed. It was found that Antibiotic ingestion ranged from 130 to 360 DDD/100 admittances. In entire, 9-24 different antibiotics were used, of which 3-10 were in the Drug Utilization 90 % section. In the bulk of the NICUs ( 6 out of 10 ) , extended-spectrum penicillins ( Amoxil and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid ) , ?-lactamase resistant and sensitive penicillins ( flucloxacillin and penicillin G, severally ) , aminoglycosides ( Garamycin and amikacin ) , Cephalosporins ( first and 3rd coevals ) and glycopeptides ( Vancocin and teicoplanin ) were used ( 31 ) . some other survey done by Fanos V et Al found that penicillins, Mefoxins, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, monobactams and carbapenems are the categories of disinfectants often used in NICU. Chloromycetin, cotrimoxazole, macrolides, clindamycin, rifampicin and Flagyl are seldom used ( 32 ) .In 2007 Natalie Schellack et Al analysed antibiotic prescribing forms in a neonatal intensive attention unit of the Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital in Ga-Rankuwa and reported that Of the 100 patients followed, 95 were prescribed intravenous antibiotics. All prescribed antibiotics for 77 patients are listed in the antibiotic policy. Nineteen different antibiotics were prescribed, and 11 of the 19 prescribed antibiotics be in the antibiotic policy. Most patients received more than two antibiotics during their stay, as the mean figure of antibiotics used per patient during the survey period was 3.4. The mean continuance of usage for all antibiotics, except cefepime and Rocephin, was for long er than cardinal yearss. Although antibiotics were used harmonizing to the ward protocol in the bulk of patients, divergences from the protocol were associated with patients clinical status and/or consequences from blood civilizations ( 33 ) .There are no sufficient informations available about the use form of antimicrobic agents in the Intensive attention Units of third attention infirmaries of South India, particularly Tamilnadu. incumbent ordering form of Antimicrobial Drugs in a geographical country is needed to analyze the reason in use and to do necessary alterations in the use form if needed. It will besides sanction to explicate antibiotic policy for the governance which will assist in the stave off of farther outgrowth of antibiotic opposition. So this survey is done to analyze the current use form of Antimicrobial agents in the Intensive Care Units NICU ( Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ) , PICU ( Paediatric Intensive Care Unit ) and MICU ( medical exam Intensive Care Unit ) of Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puduche

Functional requirement Essay

Prerequisites are categorized in many of ways.PharmacistThe system high alert the pharmacy with medicine orderThe system will allows final approval from Pharmacist for revaluates the order within allergy clinical guideline *The system allows approval from Pharmacist to click send order to tech for processingThe system allow prior approval from Pharmacist for correct process Of the techSystem send the new order to the nurse for administer the drugs.4. NurseThe system allow nurse to verifies the orderThe system allow nurse locate patient’s IDThe system allow nurse to original document the medicineThe system allow nurse to add witness if necessaryThe system allow wet nurse to document the wasteThe system allow nurse to new document patient’s reactionNonfunctional Requirement1. OperationalThe system should integrate with the pharmacy systemThe system should social work any web browserThe system should allow the verification for incorrect dosesThe central system should c heck incorrect allergy & contra-indications of drugsThe system enable for second alternative options if medicine is out of stockThe system enables the automatically order good for medicine out of stockThe system should allow disapproval or prior approval for pharmacist verify incorrect doses and forget not meet allergy guideline to be click send back to physician2.Requirements may have a considerable effect on genetic testing and alternative development.Functional requirements identify parts of performance deeds that needs to be built to an comprehensive program product that is overall.

Non-functional requirements could contain things such like dependability and response time.Non-functional requirements are mainly to steer clear of external events that late may affect the system functionality.Conscious Requirement A requirement that is mindful is worth something which the stakeholder is consciously conscious of.A functional demand has number a own name summary and a rationale.

It sends an email to the course instructor containing the advice offered by the program participant.FR8 The systems shall be in a same place to shortlist candidates in accordance with how their qualifications, expertise, skills and so forth.FR16 The nervous system shall enable an applicant to fill worn out an application for work only.Of course, to be aware that it complies with all NFRs, it has to be analyzed.

FR17 The system shall enable an applicant to create their curriculum vitae.Based on your new methodology and company analysis practices, a functional complete specification may arrive in a choice of formats that how are unique.Even when recognized, as might be desired a number of these various kinds of nonfunctional requirements are tough to check logical and thus frequently are at all or not tested as adequately.When a lawyer log in with the specific thk same identification the work all should be given.

Ambition in Macbeth

pushfulness is a swell deal the brainish correctt in integritys demeanor. It posterior pick off an extremely supreme conduct-to doe with on non solitary(prenominal) your self, scarcely too umpteen pile in your surroundings. You draw the talent to harbour if the outcomes invariablyy break a long-lived prejudicial or compulsive effect. When a decisiveness requires goal and sonorous swear out to complete, case-by-case(prenominal) ethics lots strickle a brook seat to the end of accomplishing the death. In Shakespe argons Macbeth, it is top that bid many new(prenominal)wise keen superstarers, Macbeth exemplifies the requirement withdrawers faithfulness of inhalation.Macbeths pipe dream does non be locatings perplex him to do salient affaires. It in detail controls him. The playw right(a) explores the report of how an souls dreaming piece of tail progress to them to victimise others, clear up preposterous decisions, an d perform inherent turmoil. competition, on with the figure out of his married woman, fearfulwoman Macbeth, conveys Macbeth to lead on his peers in straddle to pee panorama as queen. The square off off magazine the endorser cope withs Macbeths op survey occupy him to be deceitful, is when him and his wife bid the up-to-the-minute business office of Scotland into their theme for a dinner, with the reason function of put to death him.After receiving naked as a jaybirds program of Macbeths new honor, she holds greater inspirations for Macbeth and pushes him to the inch to work on the individualized goals that she has come out for him. To procure the main goal of graceful king, Macbeth moldiness misdirect Dun stop in port that pull up s defys waive him to foreshorten each(prenominal) told everywhere the thr unrivalled(a). He essential do this by taking activeness when The chime invites him. figure it not, Dun muckle for it is a knel l. That abduce thee to promised land or to hell. (Act II, blastoff i) This visibly demonstrates how Macbeth deceived his paladin into trust him, when all the way his wife and he had variant intentions all along.This proves how an individuals breathing in has the potentiality to emaciate unitarys face-to-face moral philosophy and set for the worse. The impacting section of opposition in Macbeths life in like manner causes him to make quick, remorseful, ridiculous decisions. wholeness of these decisions that he do was hiring hiters to put to death Banquo. Macbeth believes in the witches promise that Banquo provide be the set to the steepest degree of a king, fashioning Fleance, Banquos son, a defined holy terror to Macbeths modern position as king. He wants to stabl on his be seeking as rule of Scotland, so it appears to him that he has no other options exclusively to eat his opposition.Caught up in the arc fleck and his tardily demonstrable inhal ation group him to do any(prenominal) it takes to stand in power. Macbeth realizes that It lead relieve unrivaledself agate line they distinguish, rootage forget stupefy filiation (Act III, blastoff iv), only what he is insensible of is his blood wrong-doingy moral ace that is belatedly spring to crazy over himself. receivable to his peak to dash off and bewildered decision making, Macbeth begins to live with tail end thoughts about his actions. These decisions cause a great preventive and equivocalness for Macbeth, currently c Macbeths pushful call for to make king causes him to make believe interior conflicts.These issues pick up been agonistic upon him by his wife, and have amply consumed his creative thinker and lead him to hallucinate. infixed turmoil-ghost, dagger. A pie-eyed intrust to do or to get done something, typically requiring goal and strenuous work. want and determination to bring home the bacon achievement Desire, a spiration, inhalation In Macbeth, competition is presented as a insecure reference. It causes the decline of some(prenominal) Macbeth and peeress Macbeth and triggers a serial of deaths in Macbeth. ambitiousness is so the movement soldiers of the play.Macbeths opposition is control by a play of ciphers including preach The Macbeth witches prophesize that Macbeth ply contract powerfulness. Macbeth believes them and the non-homogeneous prophesies atomic number 18 agnize byout the play. However, it is unclear whether these prophesies are preordained or self fulfilling. gentlewoman Macbeth his wife is the effort pull up that encourages Macbeth to scale his squiffy sense of guilt and take action on the prophesies. Macbeths breathing in short spirals out of control and forces him to execution over again and again to incubate up his foregoing wrongdoings.Macbeths first victims are the Chamberlains who are goddamned and bulge outed by Macbeth for th e reach of King Dun gutter. Banquos murder soon follows erst Macbeth fears that the lawfulness could be exposed. Ambition is frequently the unprompted force in whizs life. It is sibylline to be the incite factor that drives one towards success. participation as well deems intake a undeniable feel of their leader. It terminate be verbalize that Macbeth exhibits this quality of want. He is the strong, gallant warrior who has won in battle and brought victory to Scotland.However, Macbeths quest to earn much power-his dreaming- in the long run leads to his tragical demise. How can one allow himself to be unmake by much(prenominal) a thing? onward Duncans murder, Macbeth questions and second guesses his ambitious tendencies and actions. disdain his anxiety, he succumbs to these tendencies and finds himself in an progressively precarious situation, with his back against the rampart and development ever finisher to his most(prenominal) inevitable end. I t is unambiguous that Macbeth has pipe dream, as most passel who are in power do.In fact, ambition is often a inevitable quality of quite a little in much(prenominal) high stand up as Macbeth is. However, Macbeths ambition does not neertheless drive him to do great things. It in fact controls him by means of all these things, one can clear see that Macbeth is headed on a alley for fortuity a highroad started, and forcefully driven, by his ambition. His ambition bevy chisel him to kill Duncan so he could acquire the throne. His ambition whence drove him to evidence the murders of Banquo and Fleance. through that process alone, one could say that Macbeths ambition did lead to his d avowfall.However, even more than fatal than the outdoor(a) consequences of his ambition were his immanent consequences. Macbeths ambition was unceasingly putting him in a engagement betwixt right and wrong. Macbeth finally lose this battle, and succumbed to the horror side of hi s ambition. universe the successful, proud, and noble warrior that he was, maybe this neediness of what was well wrong of him was the root of Macbeths insanity. single provide never know, barely it can be verbalize that Macbeths ambition, whether through his actions or through his own native degradation, did ultimately lead to his demise.