PEER RELATIONSHIPS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PEER RELATIONSHIPS - Research Paper Example Further, the negative means by which group/individual interaction occurs is whereby an individual disrupts or derails the process of discussion and three location that is taking place within the group; or, when a group is able to impact negatively upon the ethics or personal beliefs of an individual. Because group behavior is able to bring out aspects of an individual that they may not otherwise exhibit, the impact and effects of groupthink is one of the most commonly referred to negatives that can exist within this relationship (Geldenhuys 5). Ultimately, a group made up and comprised of individuals is both able to affect a great deal of good and a level of harm; all solely contingent upon how the group is led, the means by which decisions are made, and the level and extent to which individuals within the group are willing and able to voice their own opinions as a means of steering the group towards a better understanding and solution. Works Cited Geldenhuys, Dirk J. "Group-As-A-Who le As A Context For Studying Individual Behaviour: A Group Diagnostic Intervention." SAJIP: South African Journal Of Industrial Psychology 38.2 (2012): 1-12. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. Michelena, Pablo, and Jean-Louis Deneubourg. "How Group Size Affects Vigilance Dynamics And Time Allocation Patterns: The Key Role Of Imitation And Tempo." Plos ONE 6.4 (2011): 1-9. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. 2 When trying to understand why groups exist, the reader/researcher should look directly to basic human psychology as a means of understanding the fact that humans are ultimately social creatures and seek the companionship and camaraderie of one another; both as a means of problem-solving as well as a means of entertainment and socialization (Kivlighan et al, 2012). Because of this natural desire to seek out others and to share information one to another, the formation of groups within both the professional and nonprofessional environment is evidence that nearl y every level of society. These groups can exist for purposes as diverse as deciding upon the theme for the neighborhood full cookout or bringing together key subject matter experts in order to define the next best mobile phone operating platform. Although there exists a great deal of scholarship upon the topic, one of the most often neglected factors with regards to group dynamics is the fact that the individual makes up the group and the group is ultimately made up of the individual (Tingyan & Yufang, 2012). So many times, the reader/researcher is tempted to view the group as something of a faceless amalgamation of individuals. Conversely, what can ultimately be seen as a situation in which key leadership roles act in order to give the group specific personality and focus. Although this personality and focus is not always towards the best ends, it nonetheless helps to define the group and give it more character and human definition that many would otherwise seek to find. Reference s Kivlighan, D. r., Kivlighan, D., & Cole, O. (2012). The Group's Absence Norm and Commitment to the Group as Predictors of Group Member Absence in the Next Session: An Actor-Partner Analysis. Journal Of Counseling

Play work principles Essay Example for Free

Play work principles Essay The drive for children to play is inbuilt in our genetic makeup, almost an instinct or an impulse. Children learn through play their world around them. As the Play work principle No1 states: ‘’ All children and young people need to play. The impulse to play is innate. Play is a biological, psychological and social necessity, and is fundamental to the healthy development and well-being of individuals and communities.’’ A child will choose over anything else to ‘play’ weather they are out shopping, eating a meal, and learning at school. Children have the ability to turn anything or object into a fun and exciting adventure. Play is a necessary if not vital part of a child’s development. Children naturally learn through play their selves about their world or environment around them and skills which they will develop for life. Through play they will develop: Social skills: many games are played with friends, siblings and neighbours and the child will interact and learn to get along with a group. Listening, debating, reasoning, sharing are all developed through games like dressing up, the home corner, dens or making up new games. Also moral values are encountered as there is a need for children to apply fairness, inclusion and kindness to others. Physical development: Being active is very important to a child’s development, as the need to widen their fine and gross motor skills as well as keeping good health. Lots of games need balance, concentration, and coordination like ball games, riding scooters or climbing trees. Intellectual: The ability to think for their selves and learn a greater understanding consepts and ideas. When they are playing construction games or building things, they are designing, problem solving, thinking ahead and been resourceful. Creative: Children have an ability to open their mind and think of things completely different to adults. Through role play or adventure they can be whomever they choose. When they use visual arts they can use things in different ways and that are non-conventional. They come up with new and exciting ideas and creations. Cultural: Our world is diverse and children learn through playing games like dressing up, role play, cooking recipes, and having parties about different cultures and beliefs. Emotional: A child can through play express lots of different kinds of emotion. In role play anger, love and empathy can be displayed. They will push boundaries and explore risk by playing more adventurous games. Self-esteem and confidence will be heightened by them having accomplished new skills whilst playing, such as building a den the biggest or the best they have ever done before. Children play to discover about the world the live in, they need to feel the water and play in the mud so they will grow up to appreciate their place in the world. 1.3 Play is a fundamental part of a child’s development for their health and well-being. Studies have shown that children that are deprived of play experiences maybe under developed in either a physical or mental ability. That is why the Playprinciple No 1 states; ‘’All children and young people need to play. The impulse to play is innate. Play is a biological, psychological and social necessity, and is fundamental to the healthy development and well-being of individuals and communities.’’ As it is a necessity. Biological: The child’s physical development, whether it is their body physically fit or their minds well stimulated. Psychological: This is the child’s overall wellbeing. Sociological: This is a child’s social skills and to be able to get along with other, and mix with a diverse group of children or adults. Frazer Brown states: ‘This is not a simple interaction but a complex process wherein, flexibility in the play environment leads to increased flexibility in the child. That child is then better able to make use of the flexible environment and so on. There is massive child development potential in a play setting.’

Physical Activity and Body Weight vs Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseas

Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most common and well known afflictions in modern society. It kills and hospitalizes many people every year. CVD is actually a rather broad category of affliction. It encompasses any disease or condition that affects the heart. These conditions have effects that range from mild to surgical repair and even to death in extreme cases. The causes of CVD are fairly well known. It is directly linked to both physical activity (and the obesity that it prevents) and body mass index (BMI) in the research that we have studied. The BMI is a measure of the proportion of the body that is made up of fat. The higher a person's BMI number is, the more body fat they have. The combination of these two conditions creates a persons risk for CVD. The problem lies in the fact that the exact reasons that these factors create risk of CVD and how much risk they create is not fully understood. It is well known that obesity and physical activity play large roles in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Obesity has become even more significant since obesity is on the rise in the United States. Obesity is strongly associated with physical activity, meaning that people who exercise will also lose weight as well as increase their physical fitness. However there are many people who remain obese even with strong levels of physical activity. This sets up the question of what roles weight and physical activity have on lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease independently. Recent studies have shown that increasing physical fitness reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease regardless of body weight, and that increasing physical activity reduces the risk more that losing weight alone. T... ... way, the benefits of being fit were found not to totally alleviate the risk of being fat or that being slender totally alleviated the health risks of being unfit. From this it is clear that the best way to avoid both all-cause and cardiovascular disease death is to be both fit and have a normal body weight. Works Cited: Stevens, June, et al. "Fitness and Fatness as Predictors of Mortality from All Causes and from Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women in the Lipid Research Clinics Study." American Journal of Epidemiology 19 June 2002: 832-41. Oxford Journals. 7 Nov. 2006 . Weinstein, Amy R., and Howard D. Sesso. "Joint Effects of Physical Activity and Body Weight on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews Vol.34 2006: 10-15. American College of Sports Medicine.

The Shogun Dynasty :: Chinese China History

The term Shogun means general. Later, it refered to the leader of the Shogunate (Samurai's government). From 1192-1867, the Shogun ruled Japan. The Emperor reigned but did not rule. The Shoguns were a type of warlords that governed providences and states as a type of Japanese check and balance of the 16th century. The name of that form of government was called Shogunate. The Shogunates ruled as a military dictatorship for over a span of almost 700 years: they fought the Mongolians in 1281, fought in a civil war during 1467-1477, fought for Osaka in 1615, and saw Commodore Perry in 1853. The samurai are one of the most reconizable and most renowned warriors of the ancient times. They were members of a unique military class called the Japanese warriors. They emereged and grew more and more important during the Heian period (794-1185) when powerfull land owners hired them for their personal saftey and protection of their property. In the later times of the Heian period the most powerful military families, the Minamoto and Taira, had taken over political power over Japan and fought wars and battles for supremacy. When shogun Minamoto Yoritomo established a new government in Kamakura in 1192, the shogun (the highest military officer) became the ruler of Japan. The samurai were pinacled at the top of the social hierarchy and had many privilages. On the other hand, they were supposed to set a good example for the lower classes by following the principles of Bushido (the way of the warrior). The samurai's most important principles or duties were to be loyal to his master, use self-discipline and respect and also to use ethical behaviour. After a defeat or other dishonourable event many of the saurai chose to commit suicide by cutting their abdomen with a sword in order to preserve their honour. Such ritual suicide is called seppuku or harakiri. During the Edo period, which was mainly a peaceful time, most samurai had no motive or need to fight or do battle. In light of their situation many of the samurai chose to dedicate themselves to intellectual studies such as literature, history or the tea ceremony. In the 17th century, masterless and unemployed samurai caused some problems to the government because of their increased intellect. After the Meiji Restoration (1868), the samurai class dissapeared. The samurai sword, the katana, is still today the distinguishing mark of the samurai.

Women as Commodity

WOMEN AS COMMODITY Women As Commodity Since ancient times, There people who are being sold just like a mere things sold in a market to be slaves, pimp, and it's quiet alarming that even naive child is a victim of this kind of discursive life. Women have been also analyzed to be part of those bundles of things paraded, bidded for, sold, and traded off despite the fact that women are making huge contributions for the development of their countries in different aspects today, still women are being tricked as commodity.In Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing, not only focused on the love story of Claudio and Hero; the volatile relationship of Beatrice and Benedik but it also goes much deeper in exploring the tensions between the sexes in a society where female chastity is equated with virtue, and that virtues serve as the measurement of a woman's worth. In women in the story interprets Shakespeare's viewpoint about women state before. â€Å"That women were treated as commodities on the early modern marriage exchange has, of course, been well established.Numerous social historians of the early modern period have documented the value attached to daughters as a means by which to advance family name and social position. Although marriage formations differed widely according to social ranking, as B. J. Sokol and Mary Sokol note in Shakespeare, Law, and Marriage, â€Å"the convention among the gentry and aristocracy was for marriages to be arranged by families with a view to securing advantages or alliances, conforming to a patriarchal model. †Numerous early modern conduct manuals and sermons, in fact, warn that a woman’s worth was linked to her chastity, a worth which could be lost or diminished due to real or, in the case of Shakespeare’ Hero, perceived sexual indiscretion. Commercial Surrogacy and the redefinition of Motherhood The childbearing days are no longer a required element in the reproductive period for some. Commercial surrogacy has ope ned the doors for many who can’t bear children of their own. Surrogate motherhood has increased notoriety as means for obtaining children.A commercial surrogate mother is paid to produce a child for someone else and then has to give up all parental rights and love for the child, she then, has to allow others to raise the child as if their own. This behavior has raised many concerns about the suitable scope of the market in commercial surrogacy. Some totally object to commercial surrogacy because the children and women’s reproductive ability are treated as a commodity like children as buyer durables and women as baby factories. Since the 1970s, there has been rapid and wide ranging development in the field of new reproductive technologies (NRT).With donor insemination (DI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF), previously infertile couples have been given new hope and the chance to have children. A more recent addition to these new methods of reproduction has been the combin ation of DI and IVF with surrogate mother arrangements. This technique has subtly changed the realm of reproduction, for with the addition of a third party (the surrogate) to the reproductive environment, the nature of motherhood, fatherhood, and the allocation of parental rights and duties has come into question.Before the advent of NRTs, there were essentially two forms of motherhood recognized in Western society, the biological and the social mother. Except for adoption, fostering, or step parenting, the biological mother was assumed to also be the social mother. This is not surprising, as motherhood has never been ambiguous; one might not know who one’s father was, but one’s mother’s identity was rarely in question.However, before women were granted legal personhood (1929 in Canada), a child’s legal guardian or parent was the father (based on property rights arguments); historically, illegitimate children were not considered to have a legal parent, ei ther mother or father. Surrogate Mothers Assisted reproduction has contributed to the fragmentation of motherhood. Historically, the social and biological aspects of motherhood resided in one person. Maternity is now divisible into genetic, gestational, and social otherhood, and these roles can be spread among a number of women. This division is most apparent in the case of surrogate mothers, where at least three (and possibly as many as five) women can attempt to claim parental rights over a child. â€Å"If Mrs. A is infertile and Mrs. B agrees to provide ova to be fertilized in vitro with semen from Mr. A, and embryos are transferred to Mrs. C, who agrees to carry the baby to term and hand it over to Mrs. A and her husband after birth, the situation becomes extremely complex and the basic tenets of family law uncertain. This situation creates the potential for enormous conflict over who should be considered the ‘mother’ and has the concomitant parental rights and res ponsibilities for the child. For example, in the Baby M case, there was a conflict between two conceptions of ‘motherhood’, the legal (commissioning mother) and the biological (surrogate mother). Surrogacy breaks down and devolves the role of mother, separating the social and nurturing part of motherhood from the genetic contribution and the birthing process. Commercialization and ExploitationWhile surrogacy in general raises a host of social and ethical problems, I believe that commercial surrogacy in particular can crystallize the difficulties that many people have with surrogacy, and help us get to the core of how surrogacy affects our understanding of motherhood. Commercialization, and its use of market rhetoric, treats surrogacy as a service arrangement between a number of individuals, leading to the creation of a product and the transfer of rights to that product. In the law in the U. S. , this is represented in the form of contracts signed by the commissioning co uple and the surrogate mother.In exchange for between $10,000 and $15,000, the surrogate mother (and usually her partner) agree to abstain from intercourse for a number of months, submit to regular and extensive medical exams, and agree to transfer parental rights to the couple once the child is born. Women As Commodity Moral Issues A Korean movie, Surrogate Mothers, told of a young poor girl chosen by the members of the nobility to be the bank for the sperm of the noble son who could not impregnate his barren wife. Her mother was also a surrogate mother before.After delivering the baby, she developed that material attachment to the child. However, she was not allowed to experience cuddling that baby as she had to be banished right away from the palace to keep the deal a secret from the public. She was paid with each and an acre of land for her service. She commits suicide for she can't accept her situation. In India,many women are being burned by their mothers-in-law and husbands f or not being able to pay the dowry completely. The dowry is the amount of money paid to the groom's parents for allowing him to marry the girl.The costs of marrying off daughters have become so expensive in India today reaching as high as 500,000 rupees. Thus amniocentesis or sex determination of t he child in the womb is being sought by couples to know if it is female or male. Many female fetuses have been killed because of this method as couples whom prefer sons. One Indian said: â€Å"It is better to spend 500 rupees (for amniocentesis) now than to spend 500,000 rupees later for a daughter's marriage dowry. † Japenese women feminists have decried thir countrymen who leave their wives walking ten feet behind him, thereby also treating them like commodities.Here in the Philippines, we have a history of various types of commodizing women too. Some landlords require their tenants to make their daughters or wives work in their mansions to render domestic services, maybe sometim es sexual services too, in cases when the tenant fathers are sunk in debt to them and cannot pay back. Wilhelmina Orozco learned on a research how some prostitutes in Olongapo suffer double exploitation when they cannot refuse their manager's demanding sexual favors for them, lest they lose their chances of working in his nightclub.Even some orphanages engage in commodizing women. Their administrators trick the parents of rich pregnant women, ashamed of the stigma attached to unwed mothers, or those poor women into donating their babies to them which they then sell off to rich donors abroad. The term donation instead of payment for the baby becomes a smokescreen to cover up the commerce. Conclusion The concept of surrogate motherhood is becoming very accepted way of infertile couples to have a child of their own. Although it is an act of love, it also involves financial aid.Surrogate mothers are obviously paid for bearing a child inside their wombs. A couple who wants to hire a serv ice of a surrogate mother must also consider the kind of personality of the surrogate mother. We all know that the genes have larger effect on the baby’s personality someday. Women are now expected to function merely as reproductive vehicles, birth mothers with no identity apart from being a suitcase to carry the child, how far can they be pushed into invisibility? How far can we ignore their moral status? It is not the intention of this report to suggest that surrogacy is wrong or unethical.There are serious problems involved, and these are partly moral, legal and partly ethical. Any attempt to legalize surrogacy, commercial or otherwise, must take into account the above implications. A failure to consider the ethical implications of surrogate motherhood, commercial or otherwise, are to show a lack of concern for another being (a surrogate mother). HUMAN TRAFFICKING Human Trafficking Human trafficking is one of the fastest growing criminal activities in the world, a phenomen on that has been said to be driven by the same forces that drive the globalization of markets.The breadth of the problem is immense and the statistics that outline the prevalence of trafficking in the world today give significant cause for concern. The scope of this global problem is exponentially increasing, and this has been recognized to be in part due to the worldwide increase in poverty that has been caused by the global financial crisis. Slowly and painfully a picture is emerging of a global crime that shames us all. Billions of dollars are being made at the expense of millions of victims of human trafficking. Boys and girls who should be at school are coerced into becoming soldiers, doing hard labor or sold for sex.Women and girls are being trafficked for exploitation: forced into domestic labor, prostitution or marriage. Men, trapped by debt, slave away in mines, plantations, or sweatshops. How can such a trade in human beings occur in the 21st century? Because it is a low r isk reward crime. In many countries, the necessary laws are not in place, or they are not properly enforced —too often traffickers are let off with a slap on the wrist, and victims are treated as criminals. Unscrupulous traffickers exploit the poverty, hope and innocence of the vulnerable.Victims become dehumanized and enslaved—forced to produce cheap goods or provide services over and over again. They live in fear, many become victims of violence. Their blood, sweat and tears are on the hands of consumers in the developed world. What Is Human Trafficking? Human Trafficking is defined in the Trafficking Protocol as â€Å"the recruitment, transport, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a person by such means as threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud or deception for the purpose of exploitation. † The definition on trafficking consists of three core elements: ) The  action  of trafficking which means the recruitment, transporta tion, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons 2) The  means  of trafficking which includes threat of or use of force, deception, coercion, abuse of power or position of vulnerability 3) The  purpose  of trafficking which is always exploitation. In the words of the Trafficking Protocol, article 3 â€Å"exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.To ascertain whether a particular circumstance constitutes trafficking in persons, consider the definition of trafficking in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the constituent elements of the offense, as defined by relevant domestic legislation. How Is Human Trafficking Different From Migrant Smuggling? †¢ Consent – migrant smuggling, while often undertaken in dangerous or degrading conditions, involves consent. Trafficking victims, on the other hand, have either never consented or if they initially consented, that consent has been rendered meaningless by the coercive, deceptive or abusive action of the traffickers. Exploitation – migrant smuggling ends with the migrants' arrival at their destination, whereas trafficking involves the ongoing exploitation of the victim. †¢ Transnationality – smuggling is always transnational, whereas trafficking may not be. Trafficking can occur regardless of whether victims are taken to another state or moved within a state's borders. †¢ Source of profits – in smuggling cases profits are derived from the transportation of facilitation of the illegal entry or stay of a person into another county, while in trafficking cases profits are derived from exploitation.The distinctions between smuggling and trafficking are often very subtle and sometimes they overlap. Identifying whether a case is one of human trafficking or migrant smuggling and related c rimes can be very difficult for a number of reasons: Some trafficked persons might start their journey by agreeing to be smuggled into a country illegally, but find themselves deceived, coerced or forced into an exploitative situation later in the process (by e. g. being forced to work for extraordinary low wages to pay for the transportation). Traffickers may present an ‘opportunity' that sounds more like smuggling to potential victims.They could be asked to pay a fee in common with other people who are smuggled. However, the intention of the trafficker from the outset is the exploitation of the victim. The ‘fee' was part of the fraud and deception and a way to make a bit more money. Smuggling may be the planned intention at the outset but a ‘too good to miss' opportunity to traffic people presents itself to the smugglers/traffickers at some point in the process. Criminals may both smuggle and traffic people, employing the same routes and methods of transporting t hem.The relationship between these two crimes is often oversimplified and misunderstood; both are allowed to prosper and opportunities to combat both are missed. It is important to understand that the work of migrant smugglers often results in benefit for human traffickers. Smuggled migrants may be victimized by traffickers and have no guarantee that those who smuggle them are not in fact traffickers. In short, smuggled migrants are particularly vulnerable to being trafficked – combating trafficking in persons requires that migrant smuggling be addressed as a priority.What Is The Role Of Transnational Organized Crime Groups In Human Trafficking? Trafficking is almost always a form of organized crime and should be dealt with using criminal powers to investigate and prosecute offenders for trafficking and any other criminal activities in which they engage. Trafficked persons should also be seen as victims of crime. Support and protection of victims is a humanitarian objective a nd an important means of ensuring that victims are willing and able to assist in criminal cases. As with other forms of organized crime, trafficking has globalized.Groups formerly active in specific routes or regions have expanded the geographical scope of their activities to explore new markets. Some have merged or formed cooperative relationships, expanding their geographical reach and range of criminal activities. Trafficking victims have become another commodity in a larger realm of criminal commerce involving other commodities, such as narcotic drugs and firearms or weapons and money laundering that generates illicit revenues or seeks to reduce risks for traffickers.The relatively low risks of trafficking and substantial potential profits have, in some cases, induced criminals to become involved as an alternative to other, riskier criminal pursuits. With the adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplemen ting the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime in November 2000, countries have begun to develop the necessary criminal offences and enforcement powers to investigate, prosecute and punish traffickers and to confiscate their profits, but expertise and resources will be needed to make the new measures fully effective.Risks are further reduced by the extent to which victims are intimidated by traffickers, both in destination countries, where they fear deportation or prosecution for offences such as prostitution or illegal immigration, and in their countries of origin, where they are often vulnerable to retaliation or re-victimization if they cooperate with criminal justice authorities. The support and protection of victims is a critical element in the fight against trafficking to increase their willingness to cooperate with authorities and as a necessary means of rehabilitation. Is There A Legal Instrument To Tackle Human Trafficking?The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2000 and entered into force on 25 December 2003. The Trafficking Protocol, which supplements the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, is the only international legal instrument addressing human trafficking as a crime and falls under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 1) The purposes of the Trafficking Protocol are: 2) To prevent and combat trafficking in persons 3) To protect and assist victims of trafficking, and ) To promote cooperation among States Parties in order to meet these objectives. The Trafficking Protocol advances international law by providing, for the first time, a working definition of trafficking in persons and requires ratifying States to criminalize such practices. What Are The Major Challenges Faced In The Battle Against Human Trafficking? A number of points can be made: †¢ It is important that every effort is undertaken to establish the gravity of the problem and tackle the issue from the source to destination. What numbers are available show the problem has not abated and is not likely to.One of the challenges relates to the gathering of accurate information in order that a true picture of the phenomenon can be gauged. In this respect, some progress has been made but more needs to be done. †¢ From UNODC's work across the criminal justice sector, we are fully aware that human trafficking is often only one activity of extensive and highly sophisticated international crime networks. †¢ We need to ensure that, despite the many conflicting priorities faced by member states that the issue of countering human trafficking is clearly given a high priority and focus by the international community. We need to consider the type of action that can be taken to raise awareness of the problem and take steps to prevent trafficking at source (reference to UNODC public service announcements). †¢ A major challenge is to ensure that action is taken to ratify and effectively implement the Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. †¢ Improving international cooperation and coordination, particularly in relation to developing information exchange and operational cooperation between law enforcement agencies needs to be strengthened. There is a need to take a more holistic and partnership approach to tackling the problem. In this respect, UNODC fully recognizes the importance of mobilizing the support of NGOs, IGOs, governments and the community at large. Moral Issues 1. A human trafficking victim was rescued after of the tedious and mazy years of being slaved after his mother sold him for money. He was interviewed by the UNODC Country officer of Columbia. â€Å"When you’re a kid, it’s easy to be deceived.Each Su nday when I walked down from the town, where my mum had a business, they would urge me to go with them, telling me that I would have a really good time, that it was better to go with them than to keep on working. On my 12th birthday, they came back for me. My mum was away at work, so I took the chance and escaped with them †¦ Five months later I regretted being there, but there was no chance of leaving. Besides, they told my mum that I was dead, that they had already killed me †¦ just like happened to my cousin who went with the [military], and when she tried to escape, they caught her, sent her to the war council, and executed her.I had been on the 40th front for two months when I got wounded. It was very hard. I was †¦ in the middle of a combat situation, and I had to assemble a bomb to throw at the army, but I grabbed it with the wrong hand. The soldiers were burning me [shooting too close] and I changed the bomb from one hand to another, and it exploded and blew m y leg off †¦ In that moment I felt blood coming out of me, very fast, and I screamed when I saw it. I was legless. I screamed again, and then a guy †¦ grabbed me, but I fainted †¦ We surrendered on 20 July.We were very afraid because they warned us that the only thing we couldn’t do was to let ourselves get caught alive, or surrender to the military, because the first thing they would do to women was raping and torturing us, penetrate us with a wooden stick and then kill us †¦ Now my dream is that they help me to get back my leg, so I can walk again. After that I’d like to go to high school and then to the nursery school †¦ I’d like that. † Ximena, trafficking victim 2. Luana and Marcela are trafficking victims rescued by Brazilian NGO from a discursive life , they experienced being trapped by criminals and forced to prostitutions..Luana: â€Å"A friend of mine told me that a Spanish group was hiring Brazilian girls to work as dan cers on the island of Lanzarote. My friend Marcela and I thought it was a good opportunity to earn money. We didn? t want to continue working as maids. For a short while we only danced. But later they told us there had been too many expenses. And we would have to make some extra money. † Marcela: â€Å"We were trapped by criminals and forced into prostitution in order to pay debts for the trip. We had up to 15 clients per night. The use of condoms was the client? s decision, not ours.The criminals kept our passports and had an armed man in front of the ‘disco’ to make sure we never escaped. But a woman helped us. We went to the police and told everything. † Luana and Marcela, trafficking victims, interviewed by the Brazilian NGO Projeto Trama Maria Feranda is a victim of human trafficking in Colombia. â€Å"At that moment, my nightmare began. I was terrified when they showed me what I was expected to do—I felt I just couldn’t do it. I’ ve been through many things, but never something like that, so I told them that I wasn’tgoing to and that I was going back home.I was shocked when they told me that wasn’t possible—they said they had invested a lot of money in me, and I hadto work to pay them back, because I now belonged to the network. I thought about escaping, but I was afraid of being physically hurt or killed. I worked hard for six months, but they have no mercy on you †¦ they’re just demeaning. During this time, I was sold many times, and this happened every 10 days—sometimes I just didn’t know where I was. You’re like a commodity to them. † Maria Fernanda, Trafficking victim, interviewed by theUNODC Country Office in Colombia Conclusions Trafficking admits women, children and men basic freedom. Trafficking robs communities of potential productive members of society, and exposes victims to violence, injury, disease and death. Trafficking is a detriment to public health, both economically and in the potential for widespread health issues. The work of cutting off demand for human trafficking is complex and requires a range of partners working together around a shared rejection of products and services obtained by force, fraud, or coercion.While technology and social media is being leveraged in innovative ways to provide consumers with information and a way to connect with companies, for example, there remains a need to explore new methods of raising awareness about the nature and proximity of human trafficking. With greater understanding of the crime, and a clear tool or means to make a difference, consumers and businesses alike will be more likely to take steps to diminish the demand for forced labor. PROSTITUTIONS Prostitutions What is Prostitution? Prostitution  is commonly defined as the custom of having sexual relations in exchange for economic gain.Although the sex is traditionally traded for money, it can also be bartered for jewelry, clothing, vehicles, housing, food—anything that has  market value. It is typically seen as an aberrant way to make a living and is illegal in many countries. The word  prostitution  can also refer to any act that is considered demeaning or shameful. The term prostitute is customarily used to refer to a female person who engages in sex in exchange for money as a profession. Depending on the culture, the attitude toward the job, and the socio-economic region in which the business of  prostitution  is conducted, other terminology is often used.These monikers often include streetwalker, sex worker, hooker, escort, sex trade worker and commercial sex worker. Male prostitutes are generally considered less prevalent in the occupation. They are typically referred to as escorts or gigolos if their clientele is female. If they specialize in providing their services to men, rent boy or hustler are terms frequently used to describe them? Similar to most occupations , a prostitute may have an employer or work as an independent contractor. Men who market and sell  prostitution  services are usually referred to as pimps.Women with the same job description are commonly called madams. Both normally take a percentage of the prostitute’s income as payment for their promotional services. Prostitutes who work independently have the advantage of keeping all of their earnings. The presumed advantage of having representatives such as pimps and madams involved in the process are safety. These agents are generally expected to screen prospective clients to ensure the safety and security of their staff. Pimps, however, are frequently portrayed to be less than forthcoming with the agreed upon pay for prostitutes who work for them.In a significant number of cases, pimps have been known to physically and psychologically abuse their employees. Madams are less known for abuse, but are often accused of mishandling the funds of call girls in their employ. Depending upon the country and the culture,  prostitution  may be considered a legal or illegal profession. In areas where it is lawful, there are commonly rules imposed by governments to ensure local prostitutes practice safe sex in their business activities to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).The workers are also generally required to have regular physical exams to ensure they are healthy and pose no threat to their customers’ well-being. In regions where  prostitution  is deemed a crime, the punishment ranges from simple fines or short stints in jail to death. Some jurisdictions recognize the business transaction of prostitution  as legal, but make it difficult to lawfully practice by imposing restrictions on how and where it can be conducted. These controls commonly include the prohibition of pimping, running a brothel and publicly offering  prostitution  services. pic] [pic] â€Å"What does the Bible say about prostitution? Will God forgive a prostitute? † Prostitution is often referred to as the â€Å"oldest profession. † Indeed, it has always been a common way for women to make money, even in Bible times. The Bible tells us that prostitution is immoral. Proverbs 23:27-28says, â€Å"For a prostitute is a deep pit and a wayward wife is a narrow well. Like a bandit she lies in wait, and multiplies the unfaithful among men. † God forbids involvement with prostitutes because He knows such involvement is detrimental to both men and women. For the lips of an immoral woman drip honey, And her mouth is smoother than oil; But in the end she is bitter as wormwood, Sharp as a two-edged sword. Her feet go down to death, Her steps lay hold of hell† (Proverbs 5:3-5 NKJV). Prostitution not only destroys marriages, families, and lives, but it destroys the spirit and soul in a way that leads to physical and spiritual death. God's desire is that we stay pure and use our bodies as tools for His use and glory (Romans 6:13). First Corinthians 6:13says, â€Å"The body is not for sexual immorality but for the Lord, and the Lord for the body. Although prostitution is sinful, prostitutes are not beyond God's scope of forgiveness. The Bible records His use of a prostitute named Rahab to further the fulfillment of His plan. As a result of her obedience, she and her family were rewarded and blessed (Joshua 2:1;6:17-25). In the New Testament, a woman who had been known for being a sexual sinner—before Jesus forgave and cleansed her from sin—found an opportunity to serve Jesus while He was visiting in the home of a Pharisee. The woman, recognizing Christ for who He is, brought a bottle of expensive perfume to Him.In regret and repentance, the woman wept and poured perfume on His feet, wiping it with her hair. When the Pharisees criticized Jesus for accepting this act of love from the â€Å"immoral† woman, He admonished them and accepted the woman's worship. Because of her faith, Christ had forgiven all her sins, and she was received into His kingdom (Luke 7:36-50). When speaking to those who refused to believe the truth about Himself, Jesus Christ said, â€Å"I tell you the truth, the tax collectors and the prostitutes are entering the kingdom of God ahead of you.For John came to you to show you the way of righteousness, and you did not believe him, but the tax collectors and the prostitutes did. And even after you saw this, you did not repent and believe him† (Matthew 21:31-32). Just like anyone else, prostitutes have the opportunity to receive salvation and eternal life from God, to be cleansed of all their unrighteousness and be given a brand new life! All they must do is turn away from their sinful lifestyle and turn to the living God, whose grace and mercy are boundless. Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation; the old has gone, the new has come! † (2 Corinthians 5:17). Moral Issues There was a lot of hue and cry about the statement of US Ambassador Harry Thomas at a recent judicial conference on human trafficking that 40 percent of foreign male tourists visit the Philippine for commercial sex. At first the ambassador refused to change his statement when asked by Philippine officials to apologize for it, but on Oct. 7 he relented and said he should not have used the â€Å"40 percent’’ statistic without the ability to back it up.But his statement has once again focused attention on the problem of sex trafficking and the sex trade in the Philippines. The fact is that the problem exists although right now we may not have accurate, verifiable statistics. Conclusion Prostitution is always going to be a pressing issue, and politicians will always have different opinions about it. Politicians are the ones who decide how their country stands in different questions, and that might cause misunderstandings. The laws and official opinions of a country do not always agree with the popu lation’s point of view.An example of that is Germany. The facts and the survey do not agree, and the facts are based on politicians, while the survey is based on regular people from Germany. That gave me an answer to my question. The question was: Why do Germany and Sweden have such different views on prostitution? And the answer simply is: Germany is not more liberal than Sweden concerning prostitution. They are more liberal concerning strict laws, and that is because of their history that they do not want to experience again. That also affected the politicians and their way of handleing their inhabitants.What is right and what is wrong is something you have to decide with your own moral and opinion. How society should hand’s prostitution is one of the issues I've been highly inconsistent on, flip-flopping between having strong opinions either way, to more ambivalent positions in the middle. A super-short summary of my process (chronologically) over the last two decad es: 1. It should be illegal because it is wrong to exploit people 2. It should be legal because the prohibition actually hurt the prostitutes 3.It should be illegal to consume, but not provide, since that would give the prostitute more power and enable persecution of the exploiters 4. It should be legal because regulation is more effective in minimizing harm, and at least consumption may be ethically defensible 5. It should be illegal because even though regulation helps some, it also increases the black market and causes more suffering as a whole, and is an expression of a structural oppression of women and homosexual men in our society. SLAVERY OF WHITE PEOPLE SLAVERY OF WHITE PEOPLEIn the history of mankind, slavery has been very common. Slavery can trace its history back in the ancient times. In the ancient times, slaves were sold to the highest bidder and they were employed without any compensation. Punishments were so savage for those slaves who went against their master's dem ands. Over the centuries, slavery has been very prominent. There was a time in history were Black Africans and Black Americans became domestic slaves at home. However, they were able to achieve their freedom against slavery. Nowadays, slavery is still commonly practiced in some countries.It is not completely abolished but it is less identifiable. It exists in many cultures. So, what is slavery? What is Slavery? Slavery is a condition in which people are forced to work and treated like the lowest form of creature. There are different types of slavery. You have the chattel slavery. This is the most traditional type of slavery in which people are treated like property. Slaves are sold and bought like goods. However, in this modern age, this type of slavery is the least common. Another type of slavery is forced labor.This type of slavery is very common in the past and even up to these days. An individual is left with no choice but to work against his will. This type of slavery used puni shments and violence against any slaves. Slavery of white People David Brion Davis writing in the New York Review of Books, Oct. 11, 1990, p. 37 states: â€Å"As late as the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, continuing shipments of white slaves, some of them Christians, flowed from the booming slave markets on the northern Black Sea coast into Italy, Spain, Egypt and the Mediterranean islands†¦From Barbados to Virginia, colonists.. , showed few scruples about reducing their less fortunate countrymen to a status little different from that of chattel slaves†¦ The prevalence and suffering of white slaves, serfs and indentured servants in the early modern period suggests that there was nothing inevitable about limiting plantation slavery to people of African origin. † L. Ruchames in â€Å"The Sources of Racial Thought in Colonial America,† states that â€Å"the slave trade worked in both directions, with white merchandise as well as black. † (Journal of Negro History, no. 52, pp. 251-273).In 1659 the English parliament debated the practice of selling British Whites into slavery in the New World. In the debate the Whites were referred to not as â€Å"indentured servants† but as â€Å"slaves† whose â€Å"enslavement† threatened the liberties of all Englishmen. (Thomas Burton, Parliamentary Diary: 1656-59, vol. 4, pp. 253-274). Foster R. Dulles in Labor in America quotes an early document describing White children in colonial servitude as â€Å"crying and mourning for redemption from their slavery. † Dr. Hilary McD. Beckles of the University of Hull, England, writes regarding White slave labor, â€Å"†¦ ndenture contracts were alienable†¦ the ownership of which could easily be transferred, like that of any other commodity†¦ as with slaves, ownership changed without their participation in the dialogue concerning transfer. † Beckles refers to â€Å"indentured servitude† as â€Å" White proto-slavery† (The Americas, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 21). In the Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series; America and West Indies of 1701, we read of a protest over the â€Å"encouragement to the spiriting away of Englishmen without their consent and selling them for slaves, which hath been a practice very frequent and known by the name of kidnapping. (Emphasis added). In the British West Indies, plantation slavery was instituted as early as 1627. In Barbados by the 1640s there were an estimated 25,000 slaves, of whom 21,700 were White. (â€Å"Some Observations on the Island of Barbados,† Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, p. 528). It is worth noting that while White slaves were worked to death in Barbados, there were Carib-bean Indians brought from Guiana to help propagate native foodstuffs who were well-treated and re-ceived as free persons by the wealthy planters.Of the fact that the wealth of Barbados was founded on the backs of White slave labor there can be no doubt. White slave laborers from Britain and Ireland were the mainstay of the sugar colony. Until the mid-1640s there were few Blacks in Barbados. George Downing wrote to John Winthrop, the co-lonial governor of Massachusetts in 1645, that planters who wanted to make a fortune in the British West Indies must procure White slave labor â€Å"out of England† if they wanted to succeed. (Elizabeth Donnan, Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, pp. 25-126). â€Å"†¦ white indentured servants were employed and treated, incidentally, exactly like slaves†¦ â€Å"(Morley Ayearst, The British West Indies, p. 19). â€Å"The many gradations of unfreedom among Whites made it difficult to draw fast lines between any idealized free White worker and a pitied or scorned servile Black worker†¦ in labor-short seventeenth and eighteenth-century America the work of slaves and that of White servants were virtually inter-changeable in most ar eas. † (David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class, p. 5). In the Massachusetts Court of Assistants, whose records date to 1633, we find a 1638 description of a White man, one Gyles Player, as having been â€Å"delivered up for a slave. † The Englishman William Eddis, after observing White slaves in America in the 1770s wrote, â€Å"Gener-ally speaking, they groan beneath a worse than Egyptian bondage† (Letters from America, London, 1792). Governor Sharpe of the Maryland colony compared the property interest of the planters in their White slaves, with the estate of an English farmer consisting of a â€Å"Multitude of Cattle. The Quock Walker case in Massachusetts in 1 783 which ruled that slavery was contrary to the state Constitution, was applied equally to Blacks and Whites in Massachusetts. Patrick F. Moran in his Historical Sketch of the Persecutions Suffered by the Catholics of Ireland, re-fers to the transp ortation of the Irish to the colonies as the â€Å"slave-trade† (pp. 343-346). The disciplinary and revenue laws of early Virginia (circa 1631-1645) did not discriminate Negroes in bondage from Whites in bondage. (William Hening [editor], Statutes at Large of Virginia, vol. I, pp. 74, 198, 200, 243, 306. For records of wills in which â€Å"Lands, goods & chattels, cattle, moneys, ne-groes, English servants, horses, sheep and household stuff† were all sold together see the Lancaster County Records in Virginia Colonial Abstracts, Beverly Fleet, editor). Lay historian Col. A. B. Ellis, writing in the British newspaper Argosy (May 6, 1893): â€Å"Few, but read-ers of old colonial State papers and records, are aware that between the years 1649-1690 a lively trade was carried on between England and the plantations, as the colonies were then called, in politi-cal prisoners†¦ here they were sold by auction to the colonists for various terms of years, sometimes for life a s slaves. † Sir George Sandys’ 1618 plan for Virginia referred to bound Whites assigned to the treasurer’s of-fice to â€Å"belong to said office for ever. † The service of Whites bound to Berkeley’s Hundred was deemed â€Å"perpetual. † (Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, vol. I, pp. 316, 318). Certainly the enslaved Whites themselves recognized their condition with painful clarity.As one White man, named Abram, who was accused of trying to agitate a rebellion stated to his fellows, â€Å"Wherefore should wee stay here and be slaves? † In a statement smuggled out of the New World and published in London, Whites in bondage did not call themselves â€Å"indentured servants. † In their writing they referred to themselves as â€Å"England’s slaves† and England’s â€Å"merchandise. † (Marcellus Rivers and Oxenbridge Foyle, England’s Slavery, 1659).Eyewit nesses like Pere Labat who visited the West Indian slave plantations of the 17th century which were built and manned by White slaves labeled them â€Å"White slaves† and nothing less (Memoirs of Pere Labat, 1693-1705, p. 125). Even Blacks referred to the White forced laborers in the colonies as â€Å"white slaves. † (Colonial Office, Public Records Office, London, 1667, no. 170) Sot-Weed Factor, or, a Voyage to Maryland, a pamphlet circulated in 1708, articulates the plight of tens of thousands of pathetic young White girls kidnapped from England and enslaved in colonial America, lamenting that:In better Times e’er to this Land I was unhappily Trepan’d; Not then a slave†¦ But things are changed†¦ Kidnap’d and Fool’d†¦ † The height of academic and media fraud is revealed in the monopolistic trademark status the official controllers of education and mass communications have successfully established between the defini-tion of the word â€Å"slave† and the negro, while labeling descriptions of the historic experience of Whites in slavery a fallacy. Yet the very word â€Å"slave,† which the establishment’s consensus school of history pretends cannot legitimately be applied to Whites, is derived from the word Slav.According to the Ox-ford English Dictionary, the word slave is another name for the White people of eastern Europe, the Slavs. (Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, p. 2,858). In other words, slave has always been a term for and a definition of a servile condition of White people. Yet we are told by the professorcrats that it is not correct to refer to Whites as slaves but only as servants, even though the very root of the word is derived from the historical fact of White slav-ery. ConclusionSlavery is not something to be proud of but it is a fact that happened to every country, kingdom and empire that has been on this earth. Each of us needs to search our hear ts and find the answer to stop racial hatred. One place to begin; realize that the black race was not the only race in the last 400 years that was in bondage. PORNOGRAPHY Pornography What is Pornography? Pornography is the ‘explicit representation of sexual activity in print or on film to stimulate erotic rather than aesthetic or emotional feelings.    The following advice and help refers only to heterosexual pornography – that is men looking at women and, more rarely, women looking at men. Pornography is often distinguished from  erotica, which consists of the portrayal of sexuality with high-art aspirations, focusing also on feelings and emotions, while pornography involves the depiction of acts in a sensational manner, with the entire focus on the physical act, so as to arouse quick intense reactions.A distinction is also made between  hardcore  and  softcore pornography. Softcore pornography can generally be described as focusing on nude modeling and sugge stive, but not explicit, simulations of sexual intercourse, whereas hardcore pornography explicitly showcases penetrative intercourse. Pornography has often been subject to  censorship  and legal restraints to publication on grounds of  obscenity. Such grounds and even the definition of pornography have differed in various historical, cultural, and national contexts.With the emergence of social attitudes more tolerant of sexuality and more specific legal definitions of obscenity, an industry for the  production  and consumption  of pornography arose in the latter half of the 20th century. The introduction of  home video  and the  Internet  saw booms in a worldwide porn industry that generates billions of dollars annually. History Depictions of a sexual nature are older than civilization as depictions such as the  venus figurines  and  rock art  have existed since  prehistoric  times. However the concept of pornography as understood today did not exist until the  Victorian era.For example the French  Impressionism  painting by  Edouard Manet  titled Olympia  was a nude picture of a French courtesan, literally a â€Å"prostitute picture†. It was controversial at the time. Nineteenth-century legislation eventually outlawed the publication, retail, and trafficking of certain writings and images regarded as pornographic and would order the destruction of shop and warehouse stock meant for sale; however, the private possession of and viewing of (some forms of) pornography was not made an offence until recent times.When large-scale excavations of  Pompeii  were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the  erotic art  of theRomans  came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the  Roman Empire. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of  sexuality  and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper-class scholars. The moveable objects were locked away in the  Secret Museum  in  Naples  and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children, and the working classes.Fanny Hill  (1748) is considered â€Å"the first original English  prose  pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel. † It is an  eroticnovel  by  John Cleland  first published in  England  as  Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. It is one of the most prosecuted and banned books in history. The authors were charged with â€Å"corrupting the King's subjects. † The world's first law criminalizing pornography was the British  Obscene Publications Act 1857  enacted at the urging of the  Society for the Suppression of Vice.The Act, which applied to the  United Kingdom and Ireland, made the sale of obscene material a statutory offence, giving the courts power to seize and destroy offending material. The Act did not apply to  Scotland, where the  common law  continued to apply; however, the Act did not define â€Å"obscene†, leaving this for the courts to determine. Prior to this Act, the publication of obscene material was treated as a  law misdemeanor   and effectively prosecuting authors and publishers was difficult even in cases where the material was clearly intended as pornography.The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the  Hicklin test  stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, â€Å"whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences. † Despite the fact of their suppression, depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history. Pornographic film  production commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture in 1895. Two of the earliest pioneers were  Eugene Pirou  and  Albert Kirchner.Kirchner directed the earl iest surviving pornographic film for Pirou under the trade name â€Å"Lear†. The 1896 film,  Le Coucher de la Mariee  showed Louise Willy performing a  striptease. Pirou's film inspired a genre of risque French films showing women disrobing and other filmmakers realised profits could be made from such films. Sexually explicit films were soon characterised as obscene and rendered illegal. Those that were made were produced underground by amateurs starting in the 1920s, primarily in France and the United States. Processing the film by commercial means was risky as was their distribution.Distribution was strictly private. Denmark  was the first country to legalize pornography in 1969, which led to an explosion of commercially produced pornography. It continued to be banned in other countries, and had to be smuggled in, where it was sold â€Å"under the counter† or (sometimes) shown in â€Å"members only† cinema clubs. A Biblical View of Pornography God crea ted men and women to be together – exclusively and happily. God created sex as a good gift in the security of a loving, committed marriage relationship. He ‘saw all that he had made, and it was very good. Sadly in the fallen world, pornography sends clear messages, generally to men, that faithful sexual attention to one woman is not necessary. There are many other women to look at: why only be satisfied with one? We can go to an art gallery and see a beautiful woman in a picture and admire her beauty. But that is not the message of pornography. Pornography seeks to stimulate sexual attraction to the image of a woman – any woman, saying, ‘This beautiful woman, whom you know nothing about, is there for you to satisfy your sexual desires – whatever they might be – at any time. Pornography uses the strong visual senses of men to promote lust, but promises the unreal, promoting false expectations of relationships and ignoring the realities of daily living for most men and women – the shopping, washing, ironing, and crying children. By ignoring the woman’s character and instead focusing on her body, pornography ‘exploits and dehumanises sex so that human beings are treated as things, and women, in particular as sex objects’ .Of course, pornography is packaged cleverly as glamorous, but in the cold light of day the Bible warns strongly about looking at other women (Proverbs 6:25, Matthew 5:28, Colossians 3:5) and being faithful in marriage (Hebrews 13:4). There are those who would see the Bible’s strong warnings on sexual purity as God being a killjoy. We need to remember that it was God who created the universe: He knows how it works and that what we see and think about is important. The warnings are given for a reason: the destructiveness of pornography on children and on human relationships.CARE regularly receives telephone calls and emails from people who themselves have a problem with porn ography or are seeing it in their family. Some would say ‘pornography is harmless fun’. How would they respond to a woman crying on the phone convinced that her husband’s use of pornography had led to the breakdown of their marriage? Or to another woman who said that she felt mentally abused by her husband who used pornography and wanted her to act in the same way as the women in the magazines, DVDs and videos? Pornography can seem far from harmless fun for the men (Christian and non-Christian) who feel trapped in a cycle of addiction.If anyone is a killjoy it is not the God of the Bible, but the publishers of pornography. The Issue of Pornography With more than 300,000 websites pertaining to pornography and new sites uploaded daily, any parent can see that we have a growing problem. The Internet is the cheapest, fastest way to get pornography out into an open market that is why it is considered the electronic playground. Before the Internet pornography was found in magazines behind the store counters, on movie channels, and was found in movies. Take a look at your favorite television show and see how many times a sexual situation comes up.The â€Å"sexual revolution† as some call it has taken off with the Internet. For example, try typing in www. whitehouse. com and see what pops up definitely not the White House. Students working on a history paper in school recently went to this site and found pornography instead of history. What a surprise for the students. This happens to more people than we think. If you accidentally click on a porn site several other pornographic sites also show up. In some cases these pornographic sites contain computer viruses which will attack your hard drive.At times, legislation drafted under the guise of protecting children, includes adults which infringes on freedom of speech. In addition to infringing on a legal adult's rights, it also impedes the on the economic gains related to the industry. Thus, co mmercialism and the economy are impacted as well. With the onset of new pornographic websites, most sites are beginning to charge their consumers. Not only does this lead to economic gain within the industry, but it also assists in minimizing the access of children to questionable material.Conclusion Virtually every man will struggle with pornography. Regardless of how hard we may want otherwise we are visual creatures by nature and with easy accessibility to porn it’s a battle that will keep men in the trenches their entire lives. And if we hope to end this cycle of addiction and sexual impurity not only must we heal ourselves it is up to us to raise the next generation of men to view sex, women, and pornography differently that what society says today. And my own son is a foremost constant reminder of that obligation.

Informative Essay Sample on Personal Conflict Resolution

Informative Essay Sample on Personal Conflict Resolution While anomalies and there occurrence is an inevitable phenomenal in life. Early childhood exposure plays a fundamental role in conceiving and curtailing these problems and alterations that are manifested deep and wide in our contemporary society. We face disagreements in all aspects of our lives; in social institutions, between friends or individuals, in our own homes and the neighbourhoods and many walks in our very existence. Richards, .H, K, (2005) Conflict emanate from petty issues triggered by misconceptions, or where warring factions are perpetrating malicious if not mischievously ulterior motives. Anathemas in life are also evident in scenarios where people meeting on a common table have vested interest in achieving particular objectives, for instance the recent bouts by parliamentarians in Bolivia could only magnify the impossibilities of arriving their destined purpose amicably, hence resorting to conflict. Sklair Ritchie (2003) In circumstances where truth is crucified, conflict is ultimately the end result. However, conflicts evolve in myriad dimensions; some could easily be resolved or rather ignored by the mere fact that they lack substantial basis. Ross Weber (1998) most conflict could only be settled before the court of law and such like conflict are rather more complex and require much attention and they are also costly. The forward statement in a conflict scenario is not procrastination; the best prescription for this disease is through resolving, either by consensus building among other strategies. Conventional wisdom is inclined on the school of thought that conflict labors so much energy with the magnanimity so burdensome to disintegrate the social fabric of any civilized society. Since problems in life threaten our very existence, it’s better to take time to comprehend and evaluate the cause and the impact of a problem; with the right approach in implementing the same, the vice can not evade the justice to be contained. Richards, .H, K, (2005) Managing Conflict When caught up in a dispute, I begin with identifying and defining the anomaly in modes that are neutral; i.e. by muting all the criticism and disdains and also avoiding personal feelings and emotions Ross Weber (1998). I employ open forum approach, which is inclined towards letting other people speak out their opinions, this gives me an opportunity to digest and understand the other side of the coin my side and the truth itself. We have to engage in close talk where both parties have to pose questions expecting particular responses just to confirm the discussion is not falling on deaf ears. Sklair Ritchie (2003) In such like cases, I have had different perception towards the conflict. The irony here is that conflict resolution requires some soberness since most people who cry foul are actually the same proponents the permit most conflicts. So in this amicable discussion, a mutual agreement is a certain outcome package. Ross Weber (1998) : Arriving at a solution entails an open deliberation of the personal convictions. In most cases I prompt my opponent to state what he conceives fit regarding the contentious issue, at this juncture I do extent and olive branch to engage in active listening while critically making the analysis of the same and also formulating my on chain of solutions. This boils down to a conclusive motion aimed at bearing fruits after a cross examination of both our two different perceptions with a consideration of the truth itself. Solutions proportional to our needs and interest is definitely arrived at with little or no friction at all. Richards, .H, K, (2005). What makes any agreement palatable between different entities is the ability to achieve a lasting solution that is agreeable or common and beneficial between two parties. In this case, our solutions are mooted on the basis that is mutually compliant Ross Weber (1998). I avoid to reprimand and shove my perceived policies down my opponent’s throat. Instead I champion integrity in bountifully finding a liberal verdict to a conflict through merging of both our views as right and well founded precepts. If the worst comes to the worst I have always inaugurated the third party; like a counsellor and as soon as the climax is reached we  discuss the implementation aspect of it. Ross Weber (1998) this is also prompted by a vivid evaluation that comes later, geared towards revising arising weaknesses in the agreements. The rationale portrayed in this paper hinges on the notion that personal problems and major conflict in life need to be affirmed as unavoidable realities that critically masquerade as anomalies yet they truly foster progress. Sklair Ritchie (2003) it is however, health to have wrangles in order to chart a way forward with amicable solutions. It also imperative to not that change are immutable laws of nature that enhances progress, in a nut shell we need to accept that problems and life are inseparable entities that should positively, stimulate and transform the way by which we perceive and interpret situations for the ultimate good of humanity.

The History of Hacky Sack

The History of Hacky Sack Hacky Sack, also known as Footbag, is a modern, non-competitive American sport that involves kicking a bean bag and keeping it off the ground for as long as possible. It was invented in 1972 by John Stalberger and Mike Marshall of Oregon City, Oregon as a fun, challenging way to exercise. Inventing the Hacky Sack The story of Hacky Sack began in the summer of 1972. Mike Marshall introduced visiting Texan John Stalberger to a game that he had learned from a Native American, a fellow inmate in a military brig. The game involved kicking a small bean bag repeatedly to keep it off the ground for as long as possible- using all parts of your body except your hands and arms- and then eventually passing it to another player. Stalberger, who was recovering from a knee injury, began playing the game- which they described as going to â€Å"hack a sack†- as a way to rehabilitate his leg. Six months later, with Stalberger’s knee healed and newly acquired mastery of their game, they decided to go into manufacturing. Hacky Sack Evolution For about a year and a half, Marshall and Stalberger experimented with different versions of the sack. Their 1972 initial sack was square-shaped, made of denim and filled with rice. They quickly realized that internal stitching provided an improvement in control, and tried round instead of square, and switched from denim to cowhide for longevitys sake. By ’73, they had developed the classic, two-panel, leather, internally sewn, disc-shaped style that would stay in use and manufacture for the next twenty years. The first bags using the Hacky Sack name appeared in 1974. When the 28-year-old Marshall died of a heart attack in 1975, Stalberger decided to soldier on, developing a more durable bag and working to promote the game he and his late friend had created. Hacky Sack Ancient History LIke most modern inventions, hacky sack is a really old idea. A game similar to hacky sack was supposedly invented by the legendary (or mythological) Chinese Yellow Emperor (or deity), who used a hair-filled leather bag in a game called cuju, as training for his military forces during his reign in the late mid-third millennium BCE. The first non-mythological records of cuju date to the Zhan Guo Ce, a Chinese record written during the Warring States period (476–221 BCE). Cuju is also mentioned in the Chinese history of Shiji written about 94 BCE. In Japan, a similar game called kemari was being played at Nara by the 7th century CE; and in Malaysia, a game with a small rattan ball called sepak takraw has been played at least since the 11th century CE. Of course, hacky sack is also similar to soccer (European football), and soccer players frequently â€Å"juggle† or â€Å"freestyle† with a ball before kicking it in the air to a teammate. Official Techniques There arent any rules per se to the game of hacky sack, except that you cant use your hands or arms to keep the ball from falling to the ground. There are established techniques. The inside kick involves using the inside curve of your foot to kick the ball straight upward. The outside kick uses the outside of your foot to the same thing, and the toe kick hooks the ball straight upward. It is legal to stall the ball, bouncing it off any of those places on your foot rather than passing it high into the air, and it is legal to bounce it off your chest, head, or back. Just not your arms or hands. More formal types of hacky sack include footbag net (played with a net), footbag golf (like Frisbee golf), and consecutive (where you try to set a record for continuous bouncing). The original hacky sack is known as freestyle, where people stand in a circle and pass it to one another. The Hacky Sack Game Catches On Hacky Sack became extremely popular with high school and college students, especially with counterculture groups who would stand in circles, taking turns working to keep the footbags aloft. Groups of Deadheads playing the game became a familiar sight outside concert venues whenever the Grateful Dead performed. Stalberg was instrumental in founding the National Hacky Sack Association, founded in 1975. In 1979 the U.S. Patent office granted a license to the Hacky Sack brand footbag. By then Hacky Sack Company was a solid business, and Wham-O, the company that manufactures the Frisbee, acquired it from Stalberger. in 1983. A World Wide Sport Along the way, the generic, non-copyright name of footbag became popular for the game, and the game has become a worldwide sport with official rules. The first official organizing body for the sport, the National Hacky Sack Association, was organized by John Stalberger and Ted Huff in 1975. It sanctioned or sponsored U.S. footbag tournaments, including the World Footbag Championships, which have been running annually since 1980.   The NHSA ended in 1984, and the World Footbag Association rose to become its replacement. The World Wide Footbag Foundation was incorporated in 1994 and in 2000 it morphed into the International Footbag Players Association, Inc. The IFPA has a Football Hall of Fame: the first person initiated was Ted Huff in 1997.

What Is the Cell Theory Why Is It Important

What Is the Cell Theory Why Is It Important SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re studying biology, you’ll likely learn about the cell theory. The cell theory is one of the most important tenets of biology, and practically everything else you learn in science class relates back to it. But what is the cell theory? In this guide, we’ll give you a clear cell theory definition, explain key datesin the history ofthis theory, and explain why it’s so important to understand. After reading this guide, you’ll know everything you need to know about the cell theory! Cell Theory Definition What is the cell theory? It has three main parts: 1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. Cells are the basic building blocks of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells created through the process of cell division. As science evolved, three more components were added to the theory. Some biology classes don’t require you to know these parts of the cell theory because they weren’t part of the original definition, but it’s still useful to be aware of them: 4. Energy flow occurs within cells. 5. Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell. 6. All cells have the same basic chemical composition. So what does the cell theory actually mean? Let’s break it down. The first part of the cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells. Anything that’s alive, from bacteria to plants to humans, is composed of cells. And what are cells? The literal definition is a cell is a group of organelles surrounded by a thin membrane. The cell theory definition states that cells are the building blocks of life. Cells both make up all living things and run the processes needed for life. Your hair, skin, organs, etc. are all made up of cells. In fact, each person is estimated to be made up of nearly 40 trillion cells! Each part of a cell has a different function, and your cells are responsible for taking in nutrients, turning nutrients into energy, removing waste, and more. Basically, everything your body does, it does because cells are directing the action! The third part of the cell theory definition states that all cells come from preexisting cells. This means that cells don’t just appear out of thin air (known as â€Å"spontaneous generation†). New cells are always made from current cells. This means that all current life on the planet is descended from the very first cells, which first made an appearance on Earth roughly 3.5 billion years ago. Cells have been replicating themselves continuously ever since. And what does the newer part of the cell theory state? Part four refers to the fact that, in all living cells, energy is continuously transformed from one type to another. Examples of these processes include photosynthesis (where plant cells convert light energy into chemical energy) and cellular respiration (where both plant and animal cells convert glucose into energy). Part five refers to DNA and the fact it is passed from parent cell to child cell. Finally, part six of the cell theory tells us that all cells are made up of the same chemicals: water, inorganic ions, and organic molecules. The History of the Cell Theory The cell theory and ideas about cells and living things evolved over several centuries. Here are the key dates for the cell theory: 1665: Robert Hooke is the first person to observe cells when he looks at a slice of cork in a microscope. 1665: Francesco Redi disproves spontaneous generation by showing maggots will only grow on uncovered meat, not meat enclosed in a jar. His work later contributes to part three of the cell theory. 1670s: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist, begins his work developing better microscopes that allow scientists to see cells and the organelles they contain more clearly. 1839: German scientists Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann describe the first two parts of the cell theory. Schleiden stated that all plants are made up of cells, while Schwann stated all animals are made up of cells. Schleiden and Schwann are generally credited as the developers of cell theory. 1855: Rudolf Virchow, another German scientist, describes the third part of cell theory, that all cells come from existing cells. Since then, microscopes have continued to become more and more refined, making it possible to study cells even more closely and allowing scientists to expand on the original cell theory. How Is the Cell Theory Important for Biology? You may be surprised by how obvious the cell theory seems. Anyone who’s taken a basic biology class already knows what cells are and that living things are made up of cells. However, that just goes to show how important the cell theory is. It’s one of the fundamental principles of biology, and it’s so important that it has become information many of us take for granted. Knowing that all living things are made up of cells allows us to understand how organisms are created, grow, and die.That informationhelps us understand how new life is created, why organisms take the form they do, how cancer spreads, how diseases can be managed, and more. Cells even help us understand fundamental issues such as life and death: an organism whose cells are living is considered alive, while one whose cells are dead is considered dead. Before the cell theory existed, people had a very different view of biology. Many believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter. An example of this would be a piece of rotten meat creating flies because flies often appear around rotten meat. Additionally, before cells and the cell theory were known, it wasn’t understood that humans, as well as all other living organisms, were made up of billions and trillions of tiny building blocks that controlled all our biological processes. Disease, how organisms grow, and death were much more of a mystery compared to what we know today. The cell theory fundamentally changed how we look at life. Summary: What Is the Cell Theory? The cell theory is one of the foundational theories of biology. It has three main components: 1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. Cells are the basic building blocks of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells created through the process of cell division. As our scientific knowledge has increased over time, additional parts have been added to the theory. Schleiden and Schwann, as well as Virchow, are generally seen as the founders of the cell theory, due to their pioneering scientific work in the 1800s. The cell theoryis important because it affects nearly every aspect of biology, from our understanding of life and death, to how we manage diseases, and more. What's Next? Are you learning abouttrig identities in your math classes?Learn all the trig identities that you must know by reading our guide! Are there other science topics you want to review? Then you're in luck!Our guides will teach you loads of useful topics, includinghow to convert Celsius to Fahrenheitandwhat the density of water is. What are the most important science classes to take in high school?Check out our guide to learn all the high school classes you should be taking.

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Response paper - Essay Example s a norm against the lower class; how heterosexuality is the norm against which homosexuality is judged and even how the white people establish the norm against which the color skinned groups are judged (Lehman & Luhr, 2003). Mass media is able to promote new definitions of who people are and what they can be. The images of racial minorities and ethnic groups are limited in the media, along with those of women. A large majority of the characters shown on TV and films are males and women are depicted in stereotype manner or as a mere object of affection for the males. The minorities who are also an audience for films and television represent a small minority on the screen. These individuals also have certain stereotyped characters which they are limited to. Latinos are shown mostly as criminals or passionate lovers, African American men are shown mostly in the roles of athletes, entertainers or criminals whereas the African American women are shown as those being domestic or sexual objects (Anderson & Taylor, 2006).Class stereotypes are also depicted in a similar manner. In some of the movies the women are shown according to their stereotypical roles whereas in others they manage to escape these stereotyp es and take on more masculine roles. This paper looks into the issues of race, gender and cultures which are highlighted in director and producer Robert Rodriguez’s films. The three films considered for this response paper include Desperado form the Mariachi trilogy, the vampire movie From Dusk till Dawn and lastly the Spy Kids trilogy. The paper analysis how each of these issues are presented in the movies and how they differ from each other. Robert Rodriguez, born in 1968, is one of the best known film directors and producers in Hollywood. He is well known in the movie industry for his creativity and innovation talent. In all of his films Robert Rodriguez mixes solid action film making with Chicano characters, cultures and settings (Benshoff & Griffin, 2004).

Baby Boomer Generation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Baby Boomer Generation - Essay Example Furthermore, this paper aims to elaborate on the impact of the generation on American culture and future prospects for baby boomers. The baby boomer generation is defined as a legion composed of those who were born between the years of 1946 and 1964. The term "baby boom" was coined as this period is characterized by the dramatic escalation of population in the United States (US) and in other countries as well (Gianoulis). To illustrate this, the chart below exhibits how the number of infants born skyrocketed within this era. The escalation in birth rate is attributed to economic prosperity experienced after World War II as the US became a major exporter of goods required for rebuilding war-torn countries. As such, the US posted robust economic growth within the period (Gillon). Aside from this, the rise in population is also ascribed to the uncertainties resulting from the war that impelled many young couples to take advantage of the opportunity to get married and build families (Gianoulis). The baby boomer stereotype is depicted as someone white belonging to the middle-class, who grew up in the suburbs (Gianoulis). Given the suburban life led by these white, middle-class baby boomers, which is labeled as dull, conventional and secure, many resorted to rebellion. This attitude that stems from the secure predictability of suburban life and hypocrisy of the perfect family myth painted by society became a trademark of the baby boomers. They have been taught to think critically by questioning. In line with this, they perceived themselves as the generation built not to obey the rules of society, instead they exist to justify and push for change on prevailing socio-political structures. ("Boomer Generation") This led to the flourishing of movements aiming for improvements. For instance, the civil rights movement of African Americans Headed by Dr Martin Luther King, Jr. gained ground in the early 1960s as baby boomers regardless of race rallied for justice and equal rights for black minority. This resulted in the enactment of the Civil Rights Act, as proposed by President John F. Kennedy before his assassination, which prohibited segregation in public accommodations and discrimination in education and employment. ("Boomer Generation") To further prove their rebellious nature, the baby boomers also protested against the Vietnam War. Similarly, thousands of baby boomers passionately rallied against the war since it was them who were of draft age. Many of them refused to go to battle in an unknown land for an ambiguous cause. With this, students held demonstrations and took over buildings at school campuses to protest the unjustness of the war. Draft cards were also burned to express rage over forced conscription. (Gianoulis) Due to the prevailing gender discrimination in the society then, women's liberation movement was also launched. In the same way, gay liberation movements were organized to protest the social stigma homosexuals are subjected to. (Gianoulis) It should be highlighted that although there is a common characteristic binding the generation, there are also myriad differences among them that render making generalizations about this generation very difficult. To account for the difference, the baby boomer population is divided into two groups, namely the Boomers and Shadow Boomers. The former

The Local Colors Writing of Kate Chopin's The Awakening Essay

The Local Colors Writing of Kate Chopin's The Awakening - Essay Example In the end, despite her developments into selfhood, the only escape from her biological destiny as a woman in society, possessed, sexual, and ruled, is death. Local Color writers were an offshoot of the Realistic movement. They sought to preserve a distinct way of life threatened by industrialization, immigration, the after effects of the War, and the changes in society. Their writing concentrated upon rendering a convincing portrait of a particular region and delving below the surface picture to reveal some universal aspect. What this novel wants to convey is that immigration is not as sweet as most people think. People are more interested and amazed on how well immigrating families are doing by the clothes they wear, the cars they drive, the way they speak fluent English and etc. Those are all superficial because behind the achievements are hardships of which not everyone has a clear understanding of. Difficulties are always abundant and it takes it toll on every member of the family. There is never a way in which immigration can always be smooth sailing. Immigrants tend to be victims of abuse by people around them who knows they are vulnerable. he relationship between men and women and the economic aspects that go along with that issue are also realistic. Edna is "owned" at various points in the novel by her father, husband, Arobin, and Robert.

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels Essay

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels - Essay Example It will make sure that the relationship between different channels and the organization is strong and motivated. In addition, organizations need to keep a check on the channels in a timely manner. It will indicate any possible trouble within the relationship beforehand (Maddock & Fulton, 1996). The channels are affected by the trends that would be introduced over time. These trends may include the vertical marketing system (VMS), horizontal marketing system, and integrated marketing channel system (Kotler & Keller, 2012). As soon as the organization is aware of the channels with their selected intermediaries, it is suggested that it also create a sheet for distributing tasks and responsibility to each channel (Hunt, 2010). The undertaken grid or design to allocate the tasks to each channel would allow in understanding the channel that may be becoming problematic and act as a barrier for the smooth transitions of marketing. Thus, the aforementioned recommendation may be followed to get away with poor channel

Why do elderly people prescribed with assistive daily living devices Essay

Why do elderly people prescribed with assistive daily living devices abandon them - Essay Example As well, this study shall extend current limited knowledge of the processes for gaining informed consent of the elderly. Elderly participant recruitment shall take place within the city of [.] in the UK. Adult nursing home services shall provide elderly clients and their families with a brochure to let them know about the study, and there will also be a posting in the local newspaper for two weeks. Elderly clients who are eligible for this study will be outpatients who have been prescribed an AD within the last two years. A non-probability sampling recruitment was chosen because of the specific characteristics of the target population (i.e., elderly, living at home, have been prescribed an AD, and receive visits from an adult nursing service), and so a random sample would not be feasible (Shank, 2002). Purposive sampling is a non-probabilistic sampling technique that has the will advantage this study because the sample size does not have to be determined before the research, and this study's sample will be constrained by time and available resources (Shank, 2002). Purposive sampling allows selection c riteria to be used to determine eligibility of the participant (Shank, 2002). The selection criteria will be that the participant: be over the age of 60 years; be receiving adult nursing home care; have been prescribed at least one AD within the last two years; not be using a hearing aid; be cognitively aware in order to provide informed consent and to take part in an interview. Informed consent is a critical ethical consideration for any research study (Penslar, 1995). Informed consent allows participants to make a reasonable choice to participate in the research, and so it is implied that the goals of the research align with the aspirations of the participant (Penslar, 1995). Literature advising on how best to gain informed consent from the elderly is limited, and to date there are is no standard procedure for ascertaining the competency of an elderly person who agrees to take part in research (Stanley, Guido, Stanley & Shortell, 1984). The elderly are more likely to be experiencing impaired cognition, vision, hearing or speech, so for this study each potential participant shall be asked to discuss their understanding of the research process with the investigator before they sign the informed consent form (Stanley et al., 1984). Persons who demonstrate a lack of understanding, or confusion about what is expected of them during the research shall be thanked and excused from the study. It is anticipated that the present study will contribute to current discourse within the medical community of gaining informed consent from the elderly. As well, thorough recording of procedures for gaining their consent are hoped to encourage other researchers to consider their responsibility and the power relationship with elderly participants in terms of participant well-being, as well as the legalities, ethics, and public accountability involved (Stanley et al., 1984). Informed consent will ensure respect for the dignity of the elderly (Penslar, 1995; Shank, 2002). And coercion of participants will be avoided at all costs (Penslar, 1995). The consent form will be read

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels Essay

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels - Essay Example It will make sure that the relationship between different channels and the organization is strong and motivated. In addition, organizations need to keep a check on the channels in a timely manner. It will indicate any possible trouble within the relationship beforehand (Maddock & Fulton, 1996). The channels are affected by the trends that would be introduced over time. These trends may include the vertical marketing system (VMS), horizontal marketing system, and integrated marketing channel system (Kotler & Keller, 2012). As soon as the organization is aware of the channels with their selected intermediaries, it is suggested that it also create a sheet for distributing tasks and responsibility to each channel (Hunt, 2010). The undertaken grid or design to allocate the tasks to each channel would allow in understanding the channel that may be becoming problematic and act as a barrier for the smooth transitions of marketing. Thus, the aforementioned recommendation may be followed to get away with poor channel

Making survery and interview questions for proposal Assignment

Making survery and interview questions for proposal - Assignment Example The survey questions for both groups are presented below. It is expected that these questions will be able to search out for most reasons behind placement problems for international students. The results from these surveys can be used to piece together effective strategies to deal with international students placement problems. In order to deal with placement problems for international students, the representative of the Career Center at UMD will be interviewed to discern the nature of obstacles causing the problems. The information extracted from this interview will enable the creation of strategies that would augment the hiring of international students who graduate from UMD. The sample questions for the interview are listed below. 3. How would you place the responsibility of low placement figures for international students – with the students themselves, the university, the economic circumstances or a combination of all these? It is expected that answers to these questions from the Representative of Career Center at UMD will yield much required insight that would be required to solve the international student placement

Music Piracy Is a Good Thing Essay Example for Free

Music Piracy Is a Good Thing Essay If pirating music hurts musicians income so badly it would show, and after all this time of pirating music it hasnt. Music piracy benefits artists more than it hurts, therefore it should be legal. Music piracy is mostly committed by people who are everyday people who have average income jobs and have families who end up being sued by big record companies over downloading music for free. It seems a bit to greedy when you look at the difference in pay between the artist and the people who download the songs. ( †¦) say that the people who pirate the music are more likely to go to the show and buy the albums after downloading music (Ernesto). Also, people who pirate music tracks are very likely to develop an connection to the bands orartists and that will lead to them attending the shows, buying albums and merchandise. When putting this issue in perspective, record companies are just looking for money without any consideration for the ways of getting it. Record companies start suing people who have downloaded music for ridiculous amount of money in attempt to intimidate and scare off the fellons from downloading music illegally. The main groups affected are college kids that dont have the money. Sarah Barg was a sophomore at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Sarah received an email from a label company stating that she owed $3,000 to the Recording Industry Association of America (Bratton). For that amount,, Sarah would be paying $7. 87 for each song. Majority of the songs she pirated were from the eighties and werent even relevant anymore, and yet she was battling record company’s in court over them them. Sixty students like Sarah at UNL received the same similar, as well as hundreds sent out to over sixty other universities across the country. Not knowing ow else to handle the situation, Barg contacted her parents and they had to cover her settlement. I dont know what I would have done. Im only 20 years old, says Barg. Well over five hundred students across the states have paid settlements to avoid being sued. I see it as bullying, UNL freshman Andrew Johnson says, Legally, it makes sense, because we dont have the money to fight back. Johnson illegally downloaded one song and settled $3,000 to avoid being sued for one song. The money used came from the 18 year olds college fund and he now has to work two jobs to compensate for his losses. The record companies seem to target those cant fight back. In 2007, major record companies such as Warner music groups, Warner Bros Records, Inc. , and Sony BMG Music Entertainment, tried to sue a young girl from Texas named Whitney Harper for illegally downloading music from file sharing networks on the internet (Malisow). Whitney was at the time was sixteen years old and was being sued for a minimum of $750 per song when Whitney downloaded thirtyseven songs. That is a little over $20,000 and she is only sixteen years old. Harper tried to use the Innocent Infringer Act that would reduce fees to $200 per song. In order to accomplish that, Harper had to prove she was unaware of the copyright laws by claiming that the copyright notice placed on cds were not on the file sharing networks on the Internet therefore she was unaware. The companies referred to the sixteen-year-old as a long term massive infringer of copyright laws. Harper warned that if the companies won the case that downloading music off the Internet could never be innocent infringement. The Harper case is one the few after many years still going through federal court. The companies had stated they were going to begin transitioning away from suing individuals and find better means of fixing the issue. After years of record companies using an intimidation method to fix the pirating problem, it got them nowhere because the amount of pirates only went up, and the efforts by the companies were in most cases useless. According to the Wall Street Journal, they attempted suing many single mothers, a thirteen-year-old girl, and a dead peope. The new approach is for the companies to work with Internet service providers and when music is eing pirated the user receives a warning that they will lose Internet service if they continue(WSJ. com). The companies still reserve the right to sue if someone is a heavy violator or has ignored several warnings, but even with this new system, it still seems like the companies are only out for money, but in an attempt to escape negative attention from the media, they change their approach. According to The Independent, peo ple who illegally download music also spend more money on music, concerts, merchandises than anyone else. The Secretary of State for Business, Peter Mandelson, stated that the record companies new approach to crack down on illegal down loaders by cutting off internet service could potentially harm the music industry more than help it. The people who file share are the ones who are interested in music. They use file sharing as a discovery mechanism. The artists also have mixed opinions over file sharing, some such as James Blunt and Lily Allen are anti-piracy and Shakira is pro-piracy(Shields). Sites have come out with monthly bills for unlimited music plans that seem fairer. Some artists dont feel affected by file sharing and support the fact that piracy creates a bigger fan base for them. Bands like Angels and Airwaves have produced free records so copyright wasnt an issue. They figure that the fans will still come see them play and record sales arent the only thing to being in a successful band. Some artists dont seem to realize that. Most artists make plenty off of record sales even with a piracy problem, so court cases and law suits on everyday people by record companies seems a bit greedy and selfish. Even with the new laws, they are still pushing to stop this unstoppable problem. Today music piracy is referred to as a dead issue. Most cases that are still pending are being dropped. This year a $54,000 fine on a single mother of four was dropped by the U. S. District Court Judge, Micheal Davis, who stated piracy is no longer monstrous and shocking. The need for deterrence cannot justify a two million verdict for stealing and distributing twenty-four songs for the sole purpose of obtaining free music(physorg. om). Thomas Rasset was convicted in 2007 and was ordered to pay $220,000, but the judge who presided over the trial called off the verdict, saying it was wholly disproportionate and oppressive. Her case was one of the thousands that had actually made it to court. In 2011, with new laws, these cases should not be forgotten about. The people who lost cases should be compensated and apologized to because they did nothing other than have an interest in the artist.