Cyber Bullying Essay - 1419 Words

The rise in technology has influenced our lives with the use of social networking sites and electronic devices predominant with today’s youth. What many adults are unaware of is bullying exists in many forms and is more common in the cyber world. In 2012, CBC news reporter Joan Leishman , aired â€Å"Cyber-bullying,† she describes a story about a student named David Knight’s unbearable life entering the Internet. Later in 2014, Rachel Simmons, a former Rhodes Scholar and the founding director of the Girls Leadership Institute, wrote an article titled â€Å"Cyberbullying Is a Growing Problem.† Simmons article addressed the impact of cyber bullying in the 21st century and actions school officials and parents overlooked when they are unaware†¦show more content†¦I was accused of using the date rape drug on little boys† (Leishman). Condescending emails from other kids ruined David’s reputation and he was seen as the despicable person oth er students perceived him to be. Leishman interviews David and what other kids put on the Internet and the reason why they had a disdain for him. David’s response was, â€Å"I dont know. I honestly dont know. Im not different from any other kid† (Leishman). Leishman also interviews David’s mother who explains that cyber bullies â€Å"hid behind the anonymity of the Internet,† and the feeling that cyber bullying is like being stabbed behind the back unaware of the perpetrator. David’s mother noticed that cyber bullying had a different effect on David compared to verbal bullying, which resulted in David isolating himself from others. Leishman points out that the result of torment David endured in school and on the Internet led David to leave school and finish his final studies at home. Police investigated who was behind the website and had it removed; however, it took seven months of legal action to finally removing the website. The negative impact on a child’s life affects everything else in their lives around them. Leishman argues the unfortunate situation David and his family had to endure cyber-bullying left a permanent impact on David’s social life, but recovering from cyber bullying takes time. Luc kily, for David it did not interfere with the dream of becoming a fighter pilot inShow MoreRelatedBullying And The Cyber Bullying Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesIDENTIFICATION PROBLEM STATEMENT BACKGROUND Cyber bullying refers to something when one uses their cell phone, computers or an electronic device to access internet and technology for the purpose of harassment and providing harms to others. Sending inappropriate messages, uploading disturbing images, threatening and posting something without someone’s’ approval are the forms of cyber bullying. The main aim of this research study is to look after the cyber bullying and the possible reasons of occurrenceRead MoreBullying Evolution : Cyber Bullying1870 Words   |  8 Pages Bullying Evolution: Cyber-bullying 1858 Words 8 Pages At some point during your childhood, you may have encountered that troubled individual, typically known as the â€Å"bully† that drove fear in the hearts of the weakest link by humiliating them, taking what is rightfully theirs, constantly picking on them and sometimes even inflicting physical abuse. Well I hate to break it to you but this individual is back and is more equipped than before, preying on the weak and vulnerable in the cyber world (internet)Read MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects1411 Words   |  6 PagesStudies indicate that cyber-bullying incidents have quadrupled in past five years (Ross). Cyber-bullying has become a huge issue recently. Every time you turn on the news there is another bullying, or a suicide related to bullying, incident being reported. â€Å"Love is louder† has been a common phrase among celebrities and influential figures lately. They are trying to send out a message to their followers saying that bullying is not right and should not be tolerated. The expansion of communication technologiesRead MoreThe Problem of Cyber Bullying1323 Words   |  6 Pages(â€Å"An Old Problem with a New Face†). Since the rapid growth of technology, cyber bullying has become life-threatening for too many teenagers. Now that teenagers have phones and technology almost twenty-four hours a day, they are putting themselves at a greater risk of being cyber bullied. Cyber bullying is different from regular, old-school bullying; cyber bullying is using the internet to ruin the life of other teenagers. â€Å"Cyber bulling is when a teenager is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliatedRead MoreIs It Serious? Cyber Bullying? Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Cyberbulling is Very Serious Cyber bullying by definition is the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature. This occurs mainly among young people ages between 13- 18. Base on my research I found out in the past decade, there have been multiple cyberbullying cases that ended with the victims taking their own lives. I believe there is more we can do to help with this issue. There is information out there that isRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects1411 Words   |  6 PagesStudies indicate that cyber-bullying incidents have quadrupled in past five years (Ross). Cyber-bullying has become a huge issue recently. Every time you turn on the news there is another bullying, or a suicide related to bullying, incident being reported. â€Å"Love is louder† has been a common phrase among celebrities and influential figures lately. They are trying to send out a message to their followers saying that bullying is not right and should not b e tolerated. The expansion of communication technologiesRead More Cyber Bullying Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesHalligan kill[ed] himself after months of harassment, including instant messages calling him gay† (Billitteri.) Cyber bullying is much more dangerous than traditional bullying, and should be punished with much stricter guide lines, not just within schools but within criminal courts as well. Traditional bullying was done on school grounds, at the bus stop, or walking home, but today cyber bullies leave teens vulnerable to the abuse with no place to seek refuge. â€Å"Its a non-stop type of harassmentRead MoreThe Issues Of Cyber Bullying946 Words   |  4 Pages Coastal Carolina University The Issues of Cyber-bullying Alyssa Staub CSCI 101 – D1 Professor Matthews October 23, 2017 â€Æ' Cyber bullying has been a topic for scholarly inquiry, political debate, and policy reform since the commercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children at school. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parentsRead More Bullying Evolution: Cyber-bullying Essay1869 Words   |  8 Pagestheirs, constantly picking on them and sometimes even inflicting physical abuse. Well I hate to break it to you but this individual is back and is more equipped than before, preying on the weak and vulnerable in the cyber world (internet). Most recently, it took a crime wave of â€Å"cyber bullying† before our media and leaders in the Untied States gave it attention; now that the American people realize that the â€Å"classroom bully† has evolved into a more dangerously clever and sinister inflictor of emotionalRead MoreBullying Vs Cyber Bullying E ssay2021 Words   |  9 PagesBullying is a major problem that impacts many teens over generations, causing an endless cycle of bullying. With the new age of technology, this leads to new issues that are affecting teens’ lives. One of these issues is that cyberbullying is quickly becoming more common than the traditional playground bullying, as more social media are appealing to teens. Cyberbullying is a type of bullying that happens using electronic devices such as phones, laptops, and tablets. This form of bullying includes

Tragic Hero In Oedipus The King - 1502 Words

The idea of a tragic hero was first thought of by the philosopher Aristotle in his work, â€Å"Poetics†. In article discussing the philosopher’s ideology of a tragic hero, with emphasis on hamartia, the author states: The function of a tragedy is to arouse the emotions of pity and fear and Aristotle deduces the qualities of his hero from this function. He should be good, but not perfect, for the fall of a perfect man from happiness into misery, would be unfair and repellent and will not arouse pity. Similarly, an utterly wicked person passing from happiness to misery may satisfy our moral sense, but will lack proper tragic qualities. His fall will be well-deserved and according to ‘justice’. It excites neither pity nor fear. Thus, entirely good†¦show more content†¦The queen Jocasta tells Oedipus to ignore this but also states the oracle told her first husband, who was Laius, would die at the hands of their son. She believed this to be false because she believed her husband was murdered during a robbery and her baby died. This made Oedipus become nervous because before he came to Thebes, he killed a man who resembled Laius at a crossroads and when he was younger, an oracle to ld him he would kill his father and marry his mother. After the death Polybus, he finds out that Polybus and Merope are not his real parents and the messenger himself gave Oedipus to the couple when a shepherd offered him an abandoned baby from the house of Laius. The shepherd confirms Oedipus is actually the son of Laius and Jocasta. Oedipus realized the prophecy is becoming true and becomes devastated by his fate. Oedipus finds that the queen has killed herself so he takes the pins from her gown and rakes out his eyes, blinding himself. He begs Creon to kill him, but ultimately surrenders under Creons leadership, and awaits the decision whether or not he will casted away from Thebes, the place he once ruled. 2. Nobility and Respectability He is a king of excellence, love, and esteem. Due to his nobility, he left his originally thought city of birth to make sure the prophecy didn’t come true. Beginning with the opening of the play, Oedipus shows he is a good king andShow MoreRelatedThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribes the tragic hero as having three components which should be present in order to influence the audience. The audience must become involved emotionally with the hero so they become fearful for his welfare or well-being. The concluding suffering of the hero draws pity from the audience. Aristotle describes this emotional transition as â€Å"catharsis† which refers to the purging or releasing of emotions. This is what Aristotle believes entices audiences to watch tragedies. The hero must also beRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero1541 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle (384-322 B.C.) defines a tragic hero as one who possesses the characteristics of hamart ia, peripeteia, anagnorisis, and that the characters fate must be greater than deserved (Else). Since the main character in Sophocles’ classic tragedy Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King matches up to Aristotle’s definition, Oedipus certainly exemplifies what it is to be a â€Å"tragic hero.† The play’s protagonist Oedipus is revered as a good man and intelligent ruler who acts quickly to support Thebes- a cityRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King987 Words   |  4 PagesWhile exemplifying the high estate, noble character, and flawed nature of Aristotle’s tragic hero, Oedipus fails to have a personal mistake become his undoing, hence denying him the status of Aristotle’s tragic hero. A key criteria of Aristotle’s tragic hero is that he or she comes from high estate, such as a royal family. Aristotle’s definition of the tragic hero is well thought out in this manner. High status is important as it gives the character a long way to fall (Kennedy Gioia, 2013). ThisRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero987 Words   |  4 PagesLike most greek tragedies, Oedipus the King had a tragic hero whose downfall was the result of a tragic flaw. Oedipus, like other greek characters, did not see his errors until his reign was coming to an end. Oedipus, the man who saved Thebes did not understand that every good thing must come to an end. A tragic hero defined by Aristotle has five characteristics that lead to their downfall and their understanding of why the situation happened. Oedipus is the ideal tragic hero because his downfall followedRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus The King1156 Words   |  5 Pages The topic I chose is the tragic hero topic. There exists a number of parameters that describe a tragic hero and thus it was my desire to get to understand these parameters. It was also my desire to be in position to give the difference between normal heroes and a tragic hero and give see the main dimensions of the two figures. I preferred to work with the book by Sophocles Oedipus, the king, in order to portray the attributes of a tragic hero. The book contains adequate information concerning theRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus And King1060 Words   |  5 Pageshowever, Oedipus and Dido lost much more than that. These were two great leaders that both, suffered by losing their reputations, their sanity, and their kingdoms. These are two great examples of what a tragic character displays, according to Aristotle’s conception. Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero is a distinguished person occupying a high position, living in prosperous circumstances and falling into misfortune because of an error in judgment. King Oedipus and Queen Dido are tragic charactersRead MoreOedipus the King a Tragic Hero936 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 1302-6504 Mrs.Weatherford 21 November 2011 A Tragic Hero Indeed! In Sophocles tragedy Oedipus the King, King Oedipus swears to solve the murder of former King Laios in order to free the city from the plague. The plague taunts the city destroying crops and livestock and making the women unable to bear children. A seer, Teirsias tells Oedipus that he himself is Thebes’s pollution for killing his father and marrying his mother. Oedipus ignores his words and is blind to the truth until he discoversRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero870 Words   |  4 Pagestragedies and his most famous being performed there. While only seven of his plays have survived, many, like Oedipus the King, are still prevalent today. It definitely meets the five main criteria for a tragedy: a tragic hero of noble birth, a tragic flaw, a fall from grace, a moment of remorse, and catharsis. Oedipus the King is seen as a perfect tragedy. It features a hero with a tragic flaw, Oedipus, and highlights many common themes in Greek tragedy such as fate or destiny, love, pride, loss, the abuseRead MoreOedipus : The King Of Thebes And Tragic Hero Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesOedipus: The King of Thebes and Tragic Hero Ancient Greek Literature encompasses an assortment of poetry and drama to include the great masterpieces of tragedy. In Classic Literature, tragedies were commonly known for their elaboration of a protagonist fitting the classification of a tragic hero. This type of a tragic hero often collectively described as a character of noble birth, facing an adversity of some nature and a fate of great suffering. The characteristics of what encompassed a tragic heroRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Oedipus The King1518 Words   |  7 Pagesaudiences so well. A tragic hero plays the most essential role in this. Tragic heroes can be defined differently for whoever is trying to force a character into the tragic hero mold. However Aristotle, the great Greek philosopher, established an outline of the requirements a tragic hero has to meet in order to be considered one. These requirements include a downfall, a hamartia, and recognition of said tragic hero’s condition. Oedipus, the prot agonist of Sophocles’ play Oedipus The King fits the mold.

Unnatural Offences Section 377 Of Ipc - 1530 Words

III. UNNATURAL OFFENCES: SECTION 377 OF IPC ‘Unnatural’ sexual offence is a consensual sexual act between its players, active or passive. Section 377 of IPC prohibits a consensual homosexual act between two adults even if it is done in private. Roots of this section are biblical and based on the principle that sexual activity is for procreation only. Any sexual act, therefore, not fitting that role is considered unnatural and against the order of nature. 3.1 Legislative paradigm Section 377 IPC deals with unnatural carnal intercourse against the order of nature. It consists of penetration per anus. Consent of the parties here is immaterial and the party consenting is equally liable as an abettor. The unnatural offences discussed under this section are: i. Sodomy, and ii. Bestiality Sodomy: The word sodomy generally connotes to intercourse per anum by a man with a man or a woman. Sodomy may either be homosexual or heterosexual. Consent is not a defense to the charge under this section. Bestiality: Bestiality means the sexual intercourse either by man or by woman carried out in a way with a beast (animal) or a bird. This section is gender neutral and is applicable on women as well. However, this section is not attracted if the act is done either by a man or a woman with an inanimate object. It is important to note a few distinct aspect of unnatural offence criminalized under Section 377 IPC. ï€ ­ First, it is a consensual sexual act between its players, active or passive. ï€ ­Show MoreRelatedUnnatural Offences : Section 377 Of Ipc Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesIII. UNNATURAL OFFENCES: SECTION 377 OF IPC ‘Unnatural’ sexual offence is a consensual sexual act between its players, active or passive. Section 377 of IPC prohibits a consensual homosexual act between two adults even if it is done in private. Roots of this section are biblical and based on the principle that sexual activity is for procreation only. Any sexual act, therefore, not fitting that role is considered unnatural and against the order of nature. 3.1 Legislative paradigm Section 377 IPCRead MoreRe Thinking Queer Bodies Through Law1412 Words   |  6 Pagesqueer subject. The colonial administration created the category of the queer subject as a result of governance, i.e. through the adoption of Indian Penal Code (‘IPC’) in 1860. Section 377 of the IPC criminalized sexual offense against the order of nature (non-procreative sex). The paper historically draws out Section 377 of the IPC. Through a close reading of the judgment the paper focuses on analysing the limits that the law poses to a discussion of sexuality. The paper, while recognising theRead MoreHOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIP8410 Words   |  34 Pagesthe  moralists  and  liberalists  can be, perhaps, best shown with the help of  Tihar Jail Sex Imbroglio. In India, homosexuality is not directly targeted by law. However, it is indirectly regulated by section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which makes the act of carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, wom an or animal an offence. Between, February and April 1994, there were several reports in national newspapers about the existence of rampant homosexuality at Tihar jail in New Delhi. The doctors recommendedRead MoreThe Indian Constitution Cornerstone Of A Nation Essay1997 Words   |  8 Pagesfavor of the LGBTs in the year 2009 in the landmark judgment of NAZ Foundation v Government of N.C.T Delhi (hereinafter referred to as the NAZ Foundation case), declaring Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code which criminalizes homosexuality in India to be unconstitutional and violative of Articles 14, 15 and 21 and read down the section, allowing consensual sexual activity between two homosexuals above 18 years of age. The matter went to appeal to the Supreme Court of India in Suresh Kumar Koushal andRead MoreThe Connection Between Law And Morality1718 Words   |  7 Pagesconveniently abused for lowering the public morals. While highlighting the interplay of law and morality, the Supreme Court of India in Ranjit D. Udeshi v, State of Maharashtra by applying the Hicklin test upheld the constitutionality of section 292 of IPC. This clearly indicates that the framers of the Constitution of India did not completely ignore moral element in law. The courts, however, are expected to preserve the ethical values of law by judicial intervention whenever the laws framed byRead MoreArticle Review On Indian Penal Code2568 Words   |  11 Pageshundred and eleven sections. The Code starts with an introduction, provides explanations and exceptions used in it, and covers a wide range of offences. Basically IPC here is covering entire sexual offences occurred in India, right from the beginning what are the amendments has been done in the laws to make it more vibrant for the society. Amended and Unamended IPC’s for the sexual offences occurred in India. Sexual offences are currently enclosed under different s ections of IPC. The IPC does not provideRead MoreLegal Method Moot Court Project3698 Words   |  15 Pages(court judgment), someof the cases are discussed here. Homosexuality is an act declared punishable under Section 377 IPC, 1860. The above law states that â€Å"carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal†. The interesting aspect herein is that ‘consent’ amongst adults is immaterial for the purposes of the offence. The mere fact that the act in question is unnatural and therefore, immoral and socially unacceptable, brings about liability under the provision. The High CourtRead MoreThe Respondent And The Appellant2605 Words   |  11 PagesAdditional CMM, Bangaluru, for attainment of these reliefs: 1) A Protection Order under Section 18 of the Domestic Violence Act to prevent the respondent from committing any act of domestic violence against the appellant or any of her relatives, and further prohibiting the respondent from alienating the assets both movable and immovable properties owned by the respondent; 2) Pass a residence order under Section 19 of the Domestic Violence Act and direct the respondent to give an independent residenceRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Legal Regime For The Better Future Of Children Essay6622 Words   |  27 Pagesinternational efforts regarding the protection of children against from the crime committed against them. To make the study richer we will go through the need, relevance, reason of failure, vis-a-vis pros and cons of Protection of Children from Sexual Offence Act, 2012. To conduct this research we will adopt, the research methodology of doctrinal and non-doctrinal. After in-depth study on this topic we will try to find out suggestion/implementations whether the All international and national efforts areRead MoreA Christian Approach to Homosexuality7265 Words   |  30 Pagesthe provision of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code which criminalised consensual sexual acts of adults in private, holding that it violated the fundamental right of life and liberty and the right to equality as guaranteed in the Constitution. Pronouncing the order in Naz Foundation (India) Trust v. Government of NCT, Delhi and Others, Writ Petition (Civil) No. 7455 of 2001, a division bench of Chief Justice A.P Shah and Justice S. Murlidhar said â€Å"We declare that Section 377 IPC, insofar it criminalizes

Capital Gains Tax in Nigeria - 5234 Words

Term Paper written by Onipede Ibidunni Seun on Capital Gains Tax in Nigeria Introduction Discussing capital gain tax without first presenting a general overview of the entire concept of taxation will be tantamount to putting a cart before a horse. It is therefore very important that justice be done by explaining taxation and various types of taxes. Taxation: A General overview Tax and taxation has been variously defined by different authors. Oyegbile (1996) defines tax as a sum of money paid by citizens of a country, state or community to the government for public purpose. According to him taxation is one of the sources of income for government; such income is used to finance or run public utilities and perform other social†¦show more content†¦Such documents must be stamped before they can be tendered as evidence in a court or presented for registration. * Probate tax: This is the tax paid on the property or estate of a deceased in order to obtain letters of administration of the estate. The chargeable amount is based on the open market value of the estate, as at the date of death of the deceased. * Capital transfer tax: This tax is imposed on the capital value of properties transferred. This tax was introduced in nigeria in 1979 via the federal government official gazette No. 18, vol. 66. The law was enacted to curb embezzlement of public fun ds by private individuals since the bulk of any money stolen will be subjected to heavy taxation when the estate is to be transferred. * severance tax: This tax is levied on the extraction of natural resources like agricultural produce, forest resources, petroleum and metallic stones e. t. c. this tax is levied to ensure that the benefits from the natural resources which in real sense are God given free gifts of nature are shared by all. * Capital gains tax: This tax came about as a result of Decree 44 of 1977. It is a tax on the gains which speculators or other property dealers realize on sale of real estate or landed property. * Site value rating: This is a tax on unimproved capital value of the site. The tax was introduced to encourage owners of undeveloped land to put them into immediate profitable use. STRUCTURE OF THE NIGERIAN TAXShow MoreRelatedImpact of Industrial Development on Nigeria Stock Market1457 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Industrial development on Nigeria stock market. The potentials of capital market in Nigeria as a catalyst to economic and industrial development cannot be over emphasized. The capital market as an internal part of a country’s financial system operates at the long end of the system to mobilize resources for long term development and growth. Basically, the capital market accelerates growth by providing ,relatively long term capital - debt and equity finance – for government and corporateRead MoreTaxation in Nigeria2164 Words   |  9 PagesREGULATIONS IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION The Nigerian Tax System has undergone significant changes in recent times. The Tax Laws are being reviewed with the aim of repelling obsolete provisions and simplifying the main ones. Under current Nigerian law, taxation is enforced by the 3 tiers of Government, i.e. Federal, State, and Local Government with each having its sphere clearly spelt out in the Taxes and Levies (approved list for Collection) Decree, 1998. Of importance at this juncture however are tax regulationsRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Regional Trading Blocs Such As The Eu1446 Words   |  6 Pagesmarket, a mutual trade and monetary policy and a single currency. A common market, occurs when the member countries are able to trade freely in all economic resources. It technically means that all the barriers to trade in services, goods, labor and capital are removed. In addition to moving tariffs, non tariff boundaries are reduced or eliminated completely. In order for this type to succeed, there must be s hared economic policies and rules directed towards monopoly power and other types of competitiveRead MoreTax Administration in Nigeria: a Case Study of Federal Inland Revenue Service(Firs)6621 Words   |  27 Pagesgrows with the constant change in the economic environment in which it operates, hence the need to review the regulating instruments from time to time. Nigeria is governed by a federal system hence its fiscal operations also adhere to the same principle, a fact which has serious implications on how the tax system is managed. The country’s tax system is lopsided, and dominated by oil revenue. It is also characterized by unnecessarily complex, distortionary and largely inequitable taxation laws thatRead MoreThe Negative Growth Of Nigerias Construction Industry817 Words   |  4 Pagesmomentum but foreign contractors will gain the most. Preference for foreign contractors Indigenous construction firms get the shorter end of the stick when they bid for public projects. In the first quarter of 2009, the Federal Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban Development awarded â‚ ¦235.51b and â‚ ¦68.22b to foreign and local contractors respectively, a ratio of 3.5 to 1. This preference dates back to the 1970s, the so-called golden age of construction in Nigeria. From 1974 to 1978, the 875 (77.2%)Read MoreTaxation as an Instrument of Economic Growth and Development in Nigeria13527 Words   |  55 Pages TAXATION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA BY MOHAMMED NASIR MOHAMMED 08/02AC039 AUG, 2012 CERTIFICATION This research work has been read and approved as meeting the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Science (Hons.) degree in the Department of Accounting, College of Management sciences, Al-Hikmah University of Ilorin, Ilorin. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Mr. A.B Uthman Read MoreA Critical Appraisal of the Components of Taxation in Nigeria and Proposals for Law Reforms3020 Words   |  13 PagesINTRODUCTION Tax has been variously defined over the years. These definitions, when looked at as a whole gives a more comprehensive picture of the phenomenon as opposed to a single definition. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the word ‘tax refers to a compulsory contribution to the support of government levied on persons, property, income, commodities, transactions, etc, now at a fixed rate mostly proportionate to the amount on which the contribution is levied. While this serves inRead MoreThe United Kingdom And The Uk Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Project 1 The United Kingdom The United Kingdom includes England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. The formal name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital seat of the UK is London, with a population of 10 million people. The foreign exchange rate comparing the UK to the USA is; 1 Britain pound for each 1.33 USA dollar. The government of the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. It utilizes a parliamentary democracy, with parliamentRead MoreThe Adopting Process of International Financial Reporting Standard (Ifrs) on a Developing Economy5475 Words   |  22 Pagesparticular reference to Nigeria. The paper is based on the data obtained from literature survey and archival sources in the context of the globalization of International Financial Reporting and the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).Nigeria has embraced IFRS in order to participate in the benefits it offers, including attracting foreign direct investment, reduction of the cost of doing business, and cross border listing. In implementing IFRS Nigeria will face challenges includingRead MoreTax Implications of E-Commerce in Nigeria4601 Words   |  19 PagesABSTRACT This paper examines the Tax Implications of E-Commerce. The issue of e-commerce and its tax implications continues to receive a high level of attention because of the fast growth of e-commerce activities. In the emerging global economy, e-commerce has increasingly become a necessary component of business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development. The integration of information and communications technology (ICT) in business has revolutionized relationships within organizations

IVF Success Rates for Live Birth Rates - myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. Is the nominator stated (clinical pregnancy or live birth)? 2. Is the egg collection, started cycle or transferring embryo well presented, or the denominator? 3.Is the measure of success a live birth? 4.Is there information on success rates about age? 5.Can a person find any information on individual factors that determine the chance of success rate? 6.Are the risks of multiple embryo transfers stated? Answers: 1.Total origination and live birth rates are the most sensible methods for evaluating the result of different cycles of in vitro treatment. Clinical pregnancy or live birth has been expressed unmistakably utilizing a figure of segments graph and having spot design with the rate that is uncovered by Monash IVF site. A few facilities demoralize the patients seeking assistance with few chances of pregnancy but treat those with a high likelihood of successfully undergoing pregnancy (Pundir et al., 2014). Additionally, the more troublesome and complex cases that related with barrenness quickly featured. Indeed, even the individuals who have been unsuccessful somewhere else or those with complex ripeness issues are expressed. Additionally, it is true that the clinical pregnancy rate in both New Zealand and Australia forms the basis upon which the Conceptive Database come up with a definition that is uncovered in the site to offer legitimacy to the applicable data that is given (Zhao et al., 2014). In any case, one of the fundamental confinements of the utilization of life-table investigation or outline is the suspicion that ladies who suspend treatment right on time without accomplishing pregnancy have a similar gauge likelihood of pregnancy as the individuals who do proceed treatment (Gizzo et al., 2014). This may prompt overestimation of the genuine likelihood of success, particularly when the end of treatment is because of poor visualization. Since the ladies who acknowledged the bundle were resolved to embrace up to three cycles of treatment inside one year, investigation of the after effects of the three-cycle bundle will ideally give a more precise impression by a large and age-particular combined p regnancy and live birth rates than has been conceivable up to this point. 2. Looking at the process of IVF cycle This process denotes the start of treatment which usually starts at the beginning of a person periods, a person is advised to either start with infusion or taking the drug before the arrival of the main day that the cycle begins (Kumbak et al., 2014). The first step The official day that one needs to start taking consideration in regards to IV treatment is in the first period. However, how one responds to the first day dictates the success. People do not respond the same way, and as such, it will determine the success of the process or the steps that need to be put in place (Kasius et al., 2014). The second or next step It is also called the incitement stage starting from day one. It has a characteristic of making a persons ovaries regularly create one egg (Ji et al., 2013). A person will have to consider pharmaceutical treatment in duration of one week to 2 weeks to empower the follicles in the ovary to encourage the release of more eggs. The lead master endorses medicine particular to your body and treatment design (Wiser et al., 2013). It is as a rule as infusions, which can fluctuate from 1-2 for the cycle, or 1-2 every day. It can dismay, yet your richness medical attendant will be there to demonstrate you precisely how and where to give the infusions. You can get your accomplice included as well and watch and learn together to take care of business (Bhattacharya, Maheshwari, Mollison, 2013). It rapidly turns into a propensity, and you will be a specialist in a matter of moments. The most widely recognized elements in the study of medicines that people apply to empower the follicles are: luteinizing hormone (LH) and another one called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The second last process involves developing embryo On the off chance that the sperm fertilizes the egg, it turns into a developing life. Our researchers put the fetus into an extraordinary hatchery and chances or factor for development in addition to improvement appears to be great (Chung et al., 2013). The clinic makes the ideal developing environment by utilizing a blend of proteins, much the same as your body would use to sustain the incipient organism. Our researchers watch out for the developing lives more than six days. We require a stage called cleavage. Our knowledge is that embedding incipient organisms at the element called blastocyst can organize directly to uterus supports for ones odds of an effective pregnancy (Hart, Norman, 2013). Sadly, it is not always that all eggs prepare and achieve fetus organize. They are unlikely not to develop or the sperm not be sufficiently solid (Gameiro, Boivin, Domar, 2013). In addition to that, we are aware that you are likely to be tending to news, so we have to stay up with the lates t advance for the egg that you have provided sperm or for fetus improvement. The last step On the off chance that your incipient organism creates in the lab, then you are made to be prepared for it to be moved to the uterus. Your fruitfulness medical attendants will clarify the procedure. We recommend that you have to drink water before the exchange to have a full bladder (Schliep et al., 2015). Our professionals utilize ultrasound innovation to get the developing life in the ideal spot, and it sees the coating of the uterus. The incipient organism exchange is an exceptionally basic process, similar to a pap spread. It takes around 5 minutes, you'll be conscious, there's no analgesic, and you can escape. You can proceed with your day. The developing life can't drop out if you stand up or go to the latrine (Opien et al., 2012). A researcher converses with you about your embryo prepares it by setting it in a catheter. Its basic this is finished by a specialist to exasperate the fetus as meager as could reasonably be expected. Your fruitfulness authority puts the catheter thr ough your cervix and into your uterus. They utilize ultrasound direction to pinpoint precisely where to put the fetus. An incipient organism is just 0.1 millimeter, and the pro has an objective range of roughly 1 millimeter to play with (Gremeau et al., 2012). On the off chance that it's put in the wrong recognize, the fetus may not 'stick, ' and there is hazard it'll locate a home outside the uterus. 3. In spite of the fact that Workmanship offers critical alternatives for the treatment of fruitfulness issues, the choice to utilize Craftsmanship includes many factors notwithstanding achievement rates (Zheng et al., 2012). Experiencing rehashed Workmanship cycles requires generous responsibilities of time; exertion, cash, and enthusiastic vitality were indicated. Is the likelihood of transfers of frozen embryo explained? Information concerning frozen embryo is left out deliberately. Is the chance for cumulative one cycle put on notice? No, we excluded that, and we did not put it on our page but can be referred elsewhere. 4. The bar graph represents how age affected clinical pregnancy and live births regarding pregnancy rates and given as per embryo transfer cycle in percentage. Looking at the age, there are 46 and 40 per cent clinical and live births respectively in regards pregnancy rates per embryo transfer cycle for persons below the age of 30 years (Yang et al., 2012). On the other hand, between the ages 30 to 34 years, the percentage is 41 and 34 for clinical and live birth respectively. In addition to that, looking at ages 35 to 39, they represent 33 and 27 clinical pregnancy and live birth respectively (Maheshwari et al., 2012). Lastly, from ages 40 to 44, clinical and live birth is at its lowest at 15 and 10 per cent respectively. Thus, as the age increases, the percentage rate of a successful transfer of the embryo to form pregnancy decreases. 5. Some of the individual factors that determine the success rate or rather affect the rate of success include but are not limited to a persons fertility history or genetic factors (Ballester et al., 2012). In addition to those two, there is also the age of the female partner and the competency of the team that is carrying out the treatment. The number of eggs and their quality is another individual factor that influences the success rate. Lastly, other individual factors that determine the success rate are the lifestyle, the quality of sperm, factors encouraging infertility and measures put in place to ensure quality control in the working laboratory (Kovacs et al., 2015). 6. The risk of multiple embryo transfers is that it can result in low pregnancy rates and also has the risk of bringing about the formation of triplets or twins (Gizzo et al., 2014).Based on the findings and what you have learned about what patients need to make informed treatment decisions, make recommendations for how the information could be improved. There are many ways that the information can improve to suit a client in coming up with an informed decision. Firstly, there ought not to be exclusion of certain information. It is worth noting that some information like the chance that frozen embryo transfer provides has not been well documented. In addition to that, the bar that shows percentages of pregnancy rates against age may not be as effective as actual figures (Kumbak et al., 2014). Lastly, the whole information must try to relate to scientific evidence present to increase its believability and to give it credibility on the face of patients. References Ballester, M., Oppenheimer, A., dArgent, E.M., Touboul, C., Antoine, J.M., Nisolle, M. andDara, E., 2012. Deep infiltrating endometriosis is a determinant factor of cumulative pregnancy rate after intracytoplasmic sperm injection/in vitro fertilization cycles in patientwith endometriomas. Fertility and sterility, 97(2), pp.367-372. Bhattacharya, S., Maheshwari, A. and Mollison, J., 2013. Factors associated with failed treatment: an analysis of 121,744 women embarking on their first IVF cycles. PLoS One, 8(12), p.e82249. Chung, K., Donnez, J., Ginsburg, E. and Meirow, D., 2013. Emergency IVF versus ovarian tissue cryopreservation: decision making in fertility preservation for female cancer patients. Fertility and sterility, 99(6), pp.1534-1542. Gameiro, S., Boivin, J. and Domar, A., 2013. Optimal in vitro fertilization in 2020 should reduce treatment burden and enhance care delivery for patients and staff. Fertility and sterility, 100(2), pp.302-309. Gizzo, S., Capuzzo, D., Zicchina, C., Di Gangi, S., Coronella, M.L., Andrisani, A., Gangemi, M. and Nardelli, G.B., 2014. Could empirical low-dose-aspirin administration during IVF cycle affect both the oocytes and embryos quality via COX 12 activity inhibition?. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 31(3), pp.261-268. Gremeau, A.S., Andreadis, N., Fatum, M., Craig, J., Turner, K., Mcveigh, E. and Child, T., 2012. In vitro maturation or in vitro fertilization for women with polycystic ovaries? A casecontrol study of 194 treatment cycles. Fertility and sterility, 98(2), pp.355-360. Hart, R. and Norman, R.J., 2013. The longer-term health outcomes for children born as a result of IVF treatment: Part IGeneral health outcomes. Human reproduction update, 19(3), pp.232-243. Ji, J., Liu, Y., Tong, X.H., Luo, L., Ma, J. and Chen, Z., 2013. The optimum number of oocytes in IVF treatment: an analysis of 2455 cycles in China. Human Reproduction, 28(10), pp.2728-2734. Kasius, A., Smit, J.G., Torrance, H.L., Eijkemans, M.J., Mol, B.W., Opmeer, B.C. and Broekmans, F.J., 2014. Endometrial thickness and pregnancy rates after IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 20(4), pp.530-541. Kovacs, G., Veness, K., Mills, D.S., Casson, C., Rostami-Nejad, M., Rostami, K., Carder, L., MacGillivray-Fallis, K., Dunn, N.C., Szmelskyj, I. and Cook, D., 2015. Integrated Approaches to Infertility, IVF and Recurrent Miscarriage: A Handbook. Singing Dragon. Kumbak, B., Sahin, L., Ozkan, S. and Atilgan, R., 2014. Impact of luteal phase hysteroscopy and concurrent endometrial biopsy on subsequent IVF cycle outcome. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 290(2), pp.369-374. Maheshwari, A., Pandey, S., Shetty, A., Hamilton, M. and Bhattacharya, S., 2012. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from the transfer of frozen thawed versus fresh embryos generated through in vitro fertilization treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility and sterility, 98(2), pp.368-377. Opien, H.K., Fedorcsak, P., Omland, A.K., byholm, T., Bjercke, S., Ertzeid, G., Oldereid, N., Mellembakken, J.R. and Tanbo, T., 2012. In vitro fertilization is a successful treatment in endometriosis-associated infertility. Fertility and sterility, 97(4), pp.912-918. Pundir, J., Pundir, V., Omanwa, K., Khalaf, Y. and El-Toukhy, T., 2014. Hysteroscopy prior to the first IVF cycle: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive biomedicine online, 28(2), pp.151-161. Schliep, K.C., Mumford, S.L., Ahrens, K.A., Hotaling, J.M., Carrell, D.T., Link, M., Hinkle, S.N., Kissell, K., Porucznik, C.A. and Hammoud, A.O., 2015. Effect of male and female body mass index on pregnancy and live birth success after in vitro fertilization. Fertility and sterility, 103(2), pp.388-395. Wiser, A., Gilbert, A., Nahum, R., Orvieto, R., Haas, J., Hourvitz, A., Weissman, A., Younes, G., Dirnfeld, M., Hershko, A. and Shulman, A., 2013. Effects of treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate or salpingectomy in the subsequent IVF cycle. Reproductive biomedicine online, 26(5), pp.449-453. Yang, Z., Liu, J., Collins, G.S., Salem, S.A., Liu, X., Lyle, S.S., Peck, A.C., Sills, E.S. and Salem, R.D., 2012. Selection of single blastocysts for fresh transfer via standard morphology assessment alone and with array CGH for good prognosis IVF patients: results from a randomized pilot study. Molecular cytogenetics, 5(1), p.24. Zhao, J., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y. and Li, Y., 2014. Endometrial pattern, thickness and growth in predicting pregnancy outcome following 3319 IVF cycle. Reproductive biomedicine online, 29(3), pp.291-298. Zheng, C.H., Huang, G.Y., Zhang, M.M. and Wang, W., 2012. Effects of acupuncture on pregnancy rates in women undergoing in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility and sterility, 97(3), pp.599-611.

Finance in the Hospitality Industry

Question: Discuss about Finance in the Hospitality Industry? Answer: Financial management is one of the major aspects of any business. However, managing finance related aspects are never easy and most of the financial managers should have adequate knowledge and information to manage such aspects (Jones, Hillier and Comfort 2016). Financial managers must have adequate information regarding the financial requirements of the business (Brotherton 2012). The managers must also have the information related to the sources of funding available to business. The managers also should have the ability to make effective decisions related to financial management. Such decisions largely depend on various factors such as the existing performance, future prospective and current capabilities of the companies (Sheffet et al. 2014). Various tools or techniques such as financial ratios are there to analyse such factors. The current study critically analyses various key aspects related to Finance. Main Body Sources of funding and income Sources of Funding Two key financial sources of funding available for the companies are equity and debt. Three major types of capital that help the businesses managing their business are fixed capital, working capital and growth capital. Fixed Capital: Fixed capital is useful for financing towards the purchase of any asset or equipment. Such assets are usually long-term. The building, machinery, and Vehicles are key examples of such assets (Brooks and Mukherjee 2013). Working Capital: Working capital involves short-term business expenditures and daily business operation such as paying wages or salaries, inventory etc (Bodnar et al. 2013). Growth Capital: Growth capital is mainly used for expanding or diversifying the business operations. For instance, growth capital is required for developing a new project (Molina and Preve 2012). Following are the key sources of these capitals. Equity: Equity is the capital, which is generated by the companies through issuing shares. The interest of the investors is the key factor. Not getting an adequate return, or even losing money are the key concerns of the equity capital. The investors having equity have the limited ownership right to the business (Ruan and Yan 2012). Various sources of Equity Financing are as follows: Friends and family members Personal savings Corporations Partners Public stock sale Venture capital companies (Ledgerwood 2014) Debt: Debt is another key source of funds, where the borrower has to repay funds with interest. Debt is recorded as the liability in the financial statements (balance sheet) of the company. Debt financing is relatively expensive than equity financing, in the case of small business companies (Rey 2015). Various key sources of debt capital are as follows: Trade credit Commercial banks Saving and loan associations Commercial finance companies Equipment suppliers (Claessens and Kose 2013) Such sources of funds can be considered by the companies based on their capital requirements and financial management structure. Selected sources of finance Selected sources of funding available to Ryanair are as follows: Marginally Positive Working Capital Inflows Funds from Operations (FFO) (800 Million) Cash and Cash Equivalents (2.8 Billion) Factor influencing the sources of finance for Ryanair Factors that may influence the sources of funds for Ryanair are as follows: 600 Million Extraordinary Shareholder Returns 500 Million as Capex 400 Million as Debt maturities Relevant cost Relevant costs involved by using various finance sources to fund are as follows: Average Cost Marginal Cost of Capital Future Cost Historic Cost Spot Cost Specific Cost Explicit Cost Opportunity Cost (Alcock et al. 2013) Principal (amount) and its accompanying cost(s) The principal and the accompanying cost on the main financial statements of Ryanair will be recorded on the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows and statement of retained earnings (Dembiermont, Drehmann and Muksakunratana 2013). Contribution made by a range of methods of generating income within Ryanair Holdings PLC Various methods of generating income within Ryanair Holdings PLC are there. Such method may include the fees, charged against the core services offered by Ryanair Holdings PLC to their customers, in order to recover the cost for the provision of service. Manufacturing and sale, even resale are the most popular and core methods of generating income (ÄŒihk et al. 2012). Renting and leasing the tangible asset to other entities are also the most common methods of generating income. Various intangible assets such as methodology, proprietary, goodwill and brand can also be considered as the methods of generating income. In the case of the hospitality industry, offering services to the customers is the major method of generating income. Ryanair Holdings PLC is an Airline company that introduces the 'lowest fare / lowest cost' model for generating income through their core Airline services. Airport subsidies and website traffic monetization to partners are one of the key methods of g enerating income within Ryanair Holdings PLC, as almost 25% revenue of the company comes from such methods (Haldane 2013). Conclusion Cash and cash equivalents and working capital inflows are effective sources of a fund that Ryanair Holdings PLC was capitalising on. However, Funds from operations is the major sources of funding for the company and the management of Ryanair Holdings PLC considered offering share buyback, as their profit was more than double. The companies like Ryanair Holdings PLC that have both internal and external finance, usually tend to utilise the internal finance options. Most of such companies often make plans to evaluate the available money and to forecast the position of the company during any development. However, the companies may have to face various issues, while considering the internally generated income as the funding option. Lack of flexibility is one of the key issues. In addition, the capital of the company also decreases. As a result, the company may have to face various vulnerable situations, when they need cash, but they have nothing available at that moment. External finance implies either tending towards debt or losing major control. The company may consider obtaining external investments through venture capitalists and shares public. Such companies are vulnerable to takeover. Elements of cost Cost card Total direct material cost = 380 Total direct labour cost = 280 Standard direct cost = 660 Standard variable costs of production = 700 Standard full production cost = 880 Standard cost of sales = 233 (Refer to Appendix 1) Actual and Estimated total Profits Standard sales price = 1163 Units produced and sold = 2000 (Refer to Appendix 1) Methods of Controlling Stock and Cash Various methods are there to control the stock and cash for the hospitality industry. The key aim of managing the stock is to avoid the trouble of deploying asset and to minimise the material holding cost for protecting the material (Reinhart, Reinhart and Rogoff 2012). Various key methods of controlling stock are as follows: Economic Order Quantity (EOQ): EOQ is one of the effective procedures to evaluate the adequate economic quantity for material, which is needed within a particular period of time. The below-mentioned formula evaluates the economic quantity, which is essential for maintaining balance the holdings too much or too little stock (Backer 2015). (Fernandes, Lynch Jr and Netemeyer 2014) Just in Time (JIT): The method, just in time or JIT is useful for minimising the stock, as the companies usually purchase materials as per their requirements and for avoiding the maintenance cost (Kapan and Minoiu 2015). However, there are various issues with the JIT method. For instance, the business operations can be delayed, in case, the material is not delivered on time due to any reason. First in First out (FIFO): FIFO is one of the sophisticated methods to ensure that perishable material will be utilised effectively. In the case of utilising highly perishable material and the situation, where the cost of holding is greater, FIFO is typically implemented (Reinhart, Reinhart and Rogoff 2012). SEC PLC - Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) - Maximise Profit EOQ Holding cost 25 Demand 32000 Ordering costs 10 Step 1 640000 Step 2 12 ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY: 230.94 Evaluating business accounts Trial balance A trial balance is organized during an accounting cycle. It is essential to record all the journal entries, before preparing the trial balance. The key rationale of preparing the trial balance is to maintain a balance between both debits and credits. All of the ledger, accounts, debit or credit balances and both general journal and special, listed for justifying whether debits equal credits in the trail balance recording process (Nikulina et al. 2015). The structure of the Trial Balance (Refer to Appendix 2). Financial Statements of Label Consultancy PLC Income Statement Revenue 2012 Sales revenue 4,500 Inventory 2,00,000 Total Revenues 2,04,500 Expenses Administration 700 Investments 2,500 Dividends 60 Distribution 30 Purchases 2,020 Total Expenses 5,310 Net Income Before Taxes 1,99,190 Income tax expense 90,000 Income from Continuing Operations 1,09,190 Net Income 1,09,190 Balance Sheet Assets Current Assets: Cash $3,50,000 Accounts Receivable $8,50,000 Less: Reserve for Bad Debts 0 8,50,000 Merchandise Inventory 2,00,000 Total Current Assets $14,00,000 Fixed Assets: Equipment 50,000 Less: Accumulated Depreciation 7,000 43,000 Buildings 1,50,000 Less: Accumulated Depreciation 1,20,000 30,000 73,000 Other Assets: Goodwill 3,00,000 Total Other Assets 3,00,000 Total Assets $17,73,000 Liabilities and Capital Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable $5,00,000 Sales Taxes Payable 90,000 Total Current Liabilities $5,90,000 Long-Term Liabilities: Long-Term Notes Payable 0 Mortgage Payable 0 Total Long-Term Liabilities 0 Total Liabilities 5,90,000 Capital: Owner's Equity 10,00,000 Net Profit 1,83,000 Total Capital 11,83,000 Total Liabilities and Capital $17,73,000 The process and purpose of budgetary control to Label Consultancy LTD Budgetary objectives: It is essential for the finance personnel to understand the objectives and policies of the companies regarding the execution of the budget (Reddy 2015). Budgetary organisation: the Appropriate organisation is essential for preparing, maintaining and administrating budgets successfully. Departmental heads and managers have the authority to develop functional budgets (Bugg-Levine, Kogut and Kulatilaka 2012). Budget centres: It implies the part of the organisation, regarding which the budget is prepared. The budget centres are useful for cost control purposes. Budget manual: The duties and the responsibilities of the financial executives are recorded as a budget manual (McKinney 2015). Budget controller: Budget controller is selected for the administration of budgets. The key roles and responsibilities of the budget controller include implementation, construction, coordination and revision of business budgets. In other words, the controller is responsible for managing budgetary performance (Greenbaum, Thakor and Boot 2015). Budget committee: The key aim of the budget committee is for assisting the budget controller (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). Budget period: The budget period indicates the time when the budget is prepared and employed. The period depends on various circumstances (Adrian and Shin 2014). Variances from budgeted and actual figures Variance Variance (%) Sales and Production (units) 300 42.86% Sales 5800 40.85% Variable cost of sales: Direct Materials Direct Labour Variable Overheads 84000 -85.71% Contribution 1600 36.36% Fixed Costs 400 -7.41% Profit/(Loss) 2000 -200.00% Analysing business performance through financial ratios Financial Ratios Gross profit margin 2015 2014 Sales revenue 2000 1000 Cost of sales 1300 700 Gross profit margin = (revenue cost of sales)/revenue 0.35 0.30 Gross profit margin is one of the key profitability ratios. The gross profit margin of KAlexaddo LTD increased in 2015, compare to 2014. Therefore, it can be inferred that the company is able to enhance their profitability and is also able to retain sales to service its other costs and obligations (Haas and Lelyveld 2014). Net profit markup 2015 2014 Sales revenue 2000 1000 Cost of sales 1300 700 Gross profit margin = (revenue cost of sales)/cost of sales 53.85% 42.86% The Net profit markup of KAlexaddo LTD largely increased in 2015 and such increment indicates that the company has added product costs to cover the cost of goods. Return on capital employed 2015 2014 Earnings before interest and taxes 240 90 Current Liabilities 500 800 Total Assets 5110 4720 Return on capital employed = EBIT /(Total Assets Current Liabilities) 5.21% 2.30% Current liabilities Loans and other borrowings (overdrafts) 200 400 Trade payables 200 100 Other creditors (taxation) 100 300 Total current liabilities 500 800 The ROCE of KAlexaddo LTD on 2015 is relatively higher than 2014. Therefore, it is confirmed that the management has been able to enhance their return on capital for the shareholders. However, as per the industry scenario, the Return on capital employed is 15%, which is largely greater than the current ROCE of KAlexaddo LTD. Current ratio 2015 2014 Current Assets 1810 1110 Current Liabilities 500 800 Current Ratio 3.62 1.3875 The current ratio of KAlexaddo LTD is exceptionally well in 2015, even in terms of in terms of industry standards, which is 2.3:1. However, the current ratio was low in 2014. It can be inferred that the company has not only been able to increase their current assets, but also to decrease their current liabilities. The company has the ability to use their current assets for paying their current liabilities (Allen et al. 2016). Trade receivables collection days 2015 2014 Accounts receivables 400 800 Sales 2000 1000 Trade receivables collection days = Accounts receivables/( Sales/365) 73 146 The management is also able to minimise the Trade receivables collection days to 73 in 2015 while the Trade receivables collection days was 146 in 2014. Trade payables payment days 2015 2014 Average Accounts Payable 200 100 Cost of Sales 1300 700 Trade payables payment days = (Average Accounts Payable/ Cost of Sales)*365 56.15 52.14 The Trade payables payment days of KAlexaddo LTD slightly increased in 2015 and such increment signifies that the company is facing problems paying off their creditors. Gearing ratio 2015 2014 Long-term liabilities 1000 1200 Cost of Sales 1300 700 Trade payables payment days = (Average Accounts Payable/ Cost of Sales)*365 56.15 52.14 Share Capital 2000 1800 Retained Earnings 1010 820 Capital employed = Retained earnings + Share capital + long-term liabilities 4010 3820 Gearing ratio = Long-term liabilities/ Capital employed 24.94% 31.41% The gearing ratios of KAlexaddo LTD are normal in both 2015 and 2014. It indicates that the company is interested in financing their activities using debt. Interest cover 2015 2014 EBIT 240 90 Interest Expenses 100 60 Interest cover = EBIT/Interest Expenses 2.4 1.5 The interest cover ratios of the company for the year 2014 and 2015 were 2.4 and 1.5 respectively. Therefore, the company has been able to maintain acceptable ratio and the company is able to pay off their interest payments accordingly (Law and Singh 2014). Future competitive business strategies for KAlexaddo PLC The company KAlexaddo LTD is able to enhance their revenue and the management of KAlexaddo LTD should implement new strategies to minimise their cost of sales in the future to enhance their profitability further. Increasing the product costs to recover the cost of sales is reasonable to some extent (Gray et al. 2015). However, the management must find some other effective ways or strategies to cover the cost of sales. The company must concentrate enhancing their ROCE by minimising their current liabilities. The company has good perspective, in terms of getting loans from banks or other FIs. The company must concentrate collecting payments from the customers more effectively. The company must consider utilising their capital effectively to pay off their creditors (Adrian, Covitz and Liang 2013). Applying the model of the marginal costing Categorise costs Fixed Cost: The cost is a preset cost that does not tend to change while the amount of produced goods or services is changing. There is no relation between fixed cost and any business activity. Salaries, tax, rent, heating, insurance and lighting are key examples of fixed cost. Fixed cost is also known as the indirect cost. Such costs are not associated with any business activities directly (Kindleberger 2015). The companies have to pay fixed cost, even if they are not producing any services or products. Variable Cost: Variable cost is one of the key corporate costs that changes in accordance with the changes in production. Such cost largely depends on production volume. Variable costs are completely different than the fixed cost. Advertising, materials, electricity, rent, office supplies and insurance etc are the key examples of variable costs. Total costs include both costs. Variable cost is also recognized as the direct cost (Al-Najjar 2013). Semi-variable costs: The semi-variable cost is the grouping of both fixed and variable cost components. To certain extent or level of production, the cost remains fixed. However, after reaching or crossing the level, the cost becomes variable. Therefore, these costs have both fixed and variable in nature. The total cost can be calculated by adding fixed, variable and semi-variable costs together. Employment benefits or incentives are the perfect examples of semi-variable cost (Huang, Zhou and Zhu 2012). Contribution per product Contribution per unit = (Total revenues - Total variable costs) / Total units (Nagurney and Siokos 2012) = (1163 - 700)/2000 = 0.2315 P = 1163/2000= 0.58 V = variable cost per unit = 700/2000 = 0.35 X = Total number of units produced and sold = 2000 FC = Total fixed cost = 660 Contribution Margin = (Sales variable cost) = 1163 700 = 463 Contribution Margin ratio = 463/1163= 0.40 = 40% Break Even Point = Total fixed cost/ Contribution Margin ratio = 660/40% = 264 Break-even points in units Quarter 1: Break-even point in units = Total fixed cost/Contribution margin per unit (Stagars 2014) 2000 = 660/ Contribution margin per unit Therefore, Contribution margin per unit = 0.33 Quarter 2: Break-even point in units = Total fixed cost/Contribution margin per unit 5500 = 660/ Contribution margin per unit Therefore, Contribution margin per unit = 0.12 Quarter 3: Break-even point in units = Total fixed cost/Contribution margin per unit 4000 = 660+1300/ Contribution margin per unit Therefore, Contribution margin per unit = 0.49 Conclusion The current study concludes that the finance in the hospitality industry is comparatively different than any other industry. 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