What Is the Meaning of the Japanese Word Kurai

The Japanese word kurai is an adjective that translates to mean dark or gloomy. Pronunciation Learn how to pronounce the word kurai. Kurai Meaning dark; gloomy; be ignorant; be a stranger; somber Japanese Characters æšâ€"㠁„ 㠁 Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€ž Example Asa no go-ji dewa mada kurai.æÅ" Ã£  ®Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£  §Ã£  ¯Ã£  ¾Ã£   Ã¦Å¡â€"㠁„。 Translation It is still dark at five in the morning.

The Morality Of Genetically Modified Animals For The...

There are two sides to the morality of genetically modifying animals for the purpose of pharming and xenotransplantation: the potential benefits and the reality. Although genetic modification of mammals carries promises of being able to use said modified mammals as a source of materials used in pharmaceuticals or creating mammalian species with organs that can be transplanted in humans, the reality is that reproductive cloning in mammals has a low success rate. Because of the high demand for organs including hearts, livers, and kidneys, scientists have since turned to genetically modifying mammals such as pigs as a source of potential organs for transplant. This has involved disruption of genes in pigs that cause tissue rejection in humans or knocking out genes that allow transmission of retroviruses. Similarly, some sheep have been genetically modified to secrete through their milk, the human factor IX needed by hemophiliacs. Despite these promising advances, mammalian reproductive cloning still has a low success rate and a high probability of developmental abnormalities. Even if a cloned animal does survive gestation and is not spontaneously aborted, there is a likely chance that it will not survive long after birth. Other abnormalities are frequently seen, such as liver and brain defects, cardiovascular problems, and potential premature aging. This can be seen in Dolly, who had premature arthritis despite only being six years old. Many consider reproductive cloning

The Nice Trap Free Essays

The nice trap ? Wen leizheng 178154 Do you think there is a contradiction between what employers want in employees (agreeable employees) and what employees actually do best (disagreeable employees)? Why or why not? I don’t think there is a contradiction between what employers want in employees (agreeable employees) and what employees actually do best (disagreeable employees) , since we can not judge a person only by one dimension . Highly agreeable employees may also achieve high performance as others if their leadership skill is more enhanced in the form of persistence, attentiveness with high standards. uccessful employees usually make compromises specially when area of conflict is reached and show more cooperation when they feel that disagreeable will not serve their personal objectives which give the impression as they are high on agreeableness. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nice Trap or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article assumes that employers always want agreeable employees by fault, it could not be true when in some jobs with interpersonally oriented jobs such as customer service, but the situation will definitely not be the same when the employer would like to hire candidates for strategic position with high potential and needs strong leadership behavior. Often, the effects of personality depend on the situation. Can you think of some job situation in which agreeableness is an important virtue? And in which it is harmful? In some cases agreeable is an important virtue . For example , if the work need all the employees work together , agreeableness from all subordinates would be an important virtue because there would not be time to stop, argue, and disagree . In such situation , agreeable employees are more likely to work harmony with each other . However , not all agreeableness from employees is good , especially when the situation requires all of them to stick to their own point of view . Agreeable employees always choose to compromise instead of arguing with others when their opinions are opposite to others , which sometimes may miss the best way to solve the problem . In some research , the negative affects of agreeableness on erning are stronger for men than for women ( that is , being agreeable hurt men’s earning more than women’s ) . Why do you think this might be the case ? The reason why the negative affects of agreeableness on erning are stronger for men than for women can be various . One of the possible reason may be the factor that women are more communicative type acting as a mediator in numerous aspects . Some research has conducted that women are more willing to communicate with their employers if they are not satisfied with their earning . How to cite The Nice Trap, Papers The Nice Trap Free Essays The nice trap ? Wen leizheng 178154 Do you think there is a contradiction between what employers want in employees (agreeable employees) and what employees actually do best (disagreeable employees)? Why or why not? I don’t think there is a contradiction between what employers want in employees (agreeable employees) and what employees actually do best (disagreeable employees) , since we can not judge a person only by one dimension . Highly agreeable employees may also achieve high performance as others if their leadership skill is more enhanced in the form of persistence, attentiveness with high standards. uccessful employees usually make compromises specially when area of conflict is reached and show more cooperation when they feel that disagreeable will not serve their personal objectives which give the impression as they are high on agreeableness. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nice Trap or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article assumes that employers always want agreeable employees by fault, it could not be true when in some jobs with interpersonally oriented jobs such as customer service, but the situation will definitely not be the same when the employer would like to hire candidates for strategic position with high potential and needs strong leadership behavior. Often, the effects of personality depend on the situation. Can you think of some job situation in which agreeableness is an important virtue? And in which it is harmful? In some cases agreeable is an important virtue . For example , if the work need all the employees work together , agreeableness from all subordinates would be an important virtue because there would not be time to stop, argue, and disagree . In such situation , agreeable employees are more likely to work harmony with each other . However , not all agreeableness from employees is good , especially when the situation requires all of them to stick to their own point of view . Agreeable employees always choose to compromise instead of arguing with others when their opinions are opposite to others , which sometimes may miss the best way to solve the problem . In some research , the negative affects of agreeableness on erning are stronger for men than for women ( that is , being agreeable hurt men’s earning more than women’s ) . Why do you think this might be the case ? The reason why the negative affects of agreeableness on erning are stronger for men than for women can be various . One of the possible reason may be the factor that women are more communicative type acting as a mediator in numerous aspects . Some research has conducted that women are more willing to communicate with their employers if they are not satisfied with their earning . How to cite The Nice Trap, Essay examples The Nice Trap Free Essays Do you think there is a contradiction between what employers want in employees (agreeable employees) and what employees actually do best (disagreeable employees)? Why or why not? Answer: The article is focusing on only one dimension out of 5 models of the personality dimensions. In the real life, individuals’ personality can’t be with only one dimension.For Example, someone can be very cooperative, good natured and trusting â€Å"high on agreeableness† as well he could be high on Conscientiousness, which means that he do greater effort and persistence, more drive and discipline and is well organized which will definitely reflect on higher performance, his leadership behavior is probably more enhanced in the form of persistence, attention to details and setting high standards. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nice Trap or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other studies on personality found that traits that matter most for Business success of all about Conscientiousness. Moreover, Successful employees usually make compromises specially when area of conflict is reached and they show more cooperation when they feel that disagreeable will not serve their personal objectives which give the impression as they are high on agreeableness.Finally, the article assume that employers always want agreeable employees by default, it could be true when in some jobs like interpersonally oriented jobs such as customer service, but the situation will definitely not be the same when the employer would like to hire candidates for strategic positions with high potential and needs strong leadership behavior. Question (2) Often the effects of personality depend on the situation. Can you think of some job situation in which agreeableness is an important virtue? And in which it is harmful? Answer:In situations like business crises, change management during mergers acquisitions, when the chairman (or) maybe the board of directors is taking the lead to drive the company during the hard time, agreeableness from all subordinates would be an important virtue. There would not be more time to stop, argue and disagree. They will only require full cooperation, compliance and abiding the rules from each and everyone in the organization. Examples of jobs that requires agreeable situations: * Social workers * Nurses , Special Care to patients like Alzheimer patients * School teachers * Customer ServiceOn the Other hand, for job situations that requires bargaining skills where the job requires a dog-eat-dog attitude such as labor negotiation, defending solid business case to get approval, Agreeablenes s would be harmful for the company, because agreeable people in less likely to get into accidents while such situation needs some sort of disagreement as conflict with a healthy level can boost the performance. Question (3) In some research we have conducted, we have found that the negative effect of agreeableness on earnings is stronger for men than for women (that is, being agreeable hurt men’s earnings more than women’s).Why do you think this might be the case? Answer: I believe that negative effect of agreeable on earnings hurt men more that woman due to differences in way men are perceived compared to women, also women as being â€Å"more socially active nature† being more communicative and more friendly thus assumed to be more conversational and mediators in social conflicts than men are. Finally, agreeableness may be looked at as a feminine feature and thus by men being agreeable, possibly feminize him at an unconscious level. How to cite The Nice Trap, Papers

Designing and Developing a Complete Training Package

Question: Discuss about the Designing and Developing a Complete Training Package. Answer: Introduction Afghanistan is a nation that has been in struggle for quite a long time, bringing about the demolition of a lot of its social framework including their health framework. In 2003, after the mediation of US-driven NATO constrains, the new government with assistance from its worldwide accomplices composed a Basic Package of Health Services to give administrations to the dominant rural provincial populace; its particular center is on women along with children (Mansoor, Hill Barss, 2012). The workforce to convey these administrations comprises of Community Health Workers (CHWs). In this paper, the point is to plan and creating training package for health workers in the rural areas of Afghanistan. This report will depict the procedure or technique to build up the preparation program alongside investigation of dynamics in terms of gender of the workforce. The discussions identified with this project will recognize facilitators and difficulties to the system. For the advancement of training program, distinct subjective study is utilized that includes an investigation of approach and managerial reports, inside and out meetings and center gatherings, and non-member perception. Background and Literature Review Background Perry, Zulliger and Rogers (2014) defined Afghanistan as a country that has been involved in major conflicts and wars that have resulted in significant destruction of the infrastructure and society of the country. The major destruction and loss was identified in the health system of the country. According to Viswanathan et al., (2012) the US led NATO forces intervention has led the Afghanistans government to take initiative and support the rural population of Afghanistan. The healthcare services and training sessions are mainly focused to the children and women of Uruzgan. The training packages developed for the children and maternity care of the women focuses on providing training, guidance, exploring the gender dynamics and assisting the rural communities to overcome the challenges and issues faced in the rural areas. Literature Review Kok et al., (2015) cited that since the years 2001, the Ministry of Public Health Department of Afghanistan has witnessed a devastation in the health sector and system. In this support, Perry and Zulliger (2012) claimed that the collapse of Taliban has initiated the risk and potential challenges on improving the health of the country. The health system has devastated potentially with the various challenging indicators that were not addressed by the government. Ventevogel et al., (2012) have illustrated the three significant indicators that affects the health of the rural workers in Afghanistan. Figure 1: Factors affecting the Health of the Afghanistan (Source: Fogarty et al., 2014, pp. 36) According to Turkmani et al., (2013) the ratio of maternal mortality has been recorded as the highest with 1600 deaths per 10,000 births at Afghanistan. On the other hand, Newbrander et al., (2014) showed that in 2002, Afghanistan was recorded as the fourth highest for witnessing 257 and 165 deaths per 1000 in children and infant mortality. According to the heath record of Ministry of Public Health in Afghanistan, the country has observed that less than 10% of the population was given access to the healthcare services. Further, the healthcare services at Afghanistan was not unique when judged by the source of the situation, that is the emerging and continuous conflict the country has faced in the past years. On a contrary, Petit et al., (2013) claimed that the healthcare services and situation in the rural places at Afghanistan was enhanced at a significant rate during the period of 2003 to 2011. Although, it cannot be ignored that the conflicts and Taliban rule has devastated the social system and devastated the health of the country at a miserable level. According to Newbrander et al. (2014), the long lasting impact of the conflict has reduced the rate of income that has resulted in the lower infrastructural growth especially in the rural areas. Moreover, the shortage of the human resources during the post conflict period was identified as one of the major hindrance of the improvement of Afghanistan. Howard et al., (2014) exclaimed that the dysfunctionality of the public-health sector at Afghanis tan often attracted various NGOs (Non-Governmental Organization) to operate in Afghanistan working for their personal interest. Furthermore, the qualified health personnel, health clinics and resources were not available to the rural community of the country. CHWs (Community Health Workers) were majorly deployed by the government for assisting the rural children and women from overcoming the situation. Mansoor et al., (2013) cited that the CHW were trained for supporting and supervising the communities with the formal healthcare services to the people. As a newest division of the public healthcare services, the government has taken initiative to introduce CHWs. With a total population of about 30 million of multilingual and multiethnic people, Afghanistan has bene considered as a country with the lowest HDI (Human Development Index) (Fehling et al., 2013). In addition to that, the HDI was recorded majorly against the women in the country. A study conducted by Wood et al., (2013) have revealed that only 6% of the total population of women have secondary education in the country, in addition to that, 16% of the women population was recorded for participating in labor. Rasooly et al., (2014) cited that throughput the country, the culture of gender segregation was widely practices depending upon the urban-rural difference, ethnicities and economic condition. Fayaz et al., (2014) showed that during the Taliban and Civil war the women of Afghanistan were restricted to participate in the political, economic and social life and were bared to their household activities. Furthermore, the lack of baseline data and updated information about the epidemiology have made the children and women vulnerable to various deceases that can be easily prevented and treated with the right resource ad medical equipment. Najafizada, Labonte and Bourgeault (2014) cited that most of the diseases can be prevented by the vaccines was seen at Afghanistan. According to Byrne et al., (2014) the Russian invasion and war against insurgency and terrorism have destroyed the infrastructure of the society at a significant rate. During 2003, the Afghanistan Government was provided with the support BPHS (Basic package of Health Services) and non-governmental institutes to support the rural population of Afghanistan with significant focus to the children and women. Carvalho, Salehi and Goldie (2012) showed that the health care packages were not delivered promptly to the women and children residing in the rural areas due to lack of capacity of Afghanistans government. According to Singh et al., (2012) the services provided through the CHWs are usually compromised during the delivery. The local volunteers at Afghanistan are helping the local community by counselling, supervising and supporting the children and women in need. The healthcare organization in the Afghanistan is currently providing the community with health facilities, hand soaps, toothbrush and towels. The CHW are working throughout the country working for improving the developing communities. Edward et al., (2015) showed that almost 50% of the total CHWs working for enhancing the healthcare situation at Afghanistan are women. Furthermore, strong and reliable financial source ae required for committing the training and medical support to the rural communities. In spite of the different pr0cess and initiative of the government of Afghanistan, the health condition is still compared with the devastating countries throughout the globe. Haver et al., (2015) compared the result of the countr y prior to the training and healthcare initiatives and concluded that concurrent factors have resulted in the improvement of the fragile processes for healthcare improvement. In addition to that, the acceptable services to the rural community has stabilized the healthcare and social environment during the post-conflict situation. Methods This project has been estimated to take up to 164 days that is beginning from 01 March 2016 to 14 October 2016. The initial phase was to determine the key stakeholders and participants required for the successful accomplishment of the project. The design of the study involved various key areas such as Philosophy, Data collection and analysis methods. Research Philosophy: This study is conducted with the help of Post-Positivism philosophical approach. This approach is considered appropriate for this study as it involves both application of philosophy and scientific approach (Colvin, 2014). This approach assists the researcher to determine the scientific methodology to be used in the study along with determination of impact upon the wellbeing of the society. Analysis methods: There are two types of analysis method for a particular research study. The lack of knowledge to identify the proper analysis method may result into collection of inaccurate data thus resulting into inappropriate results (Rahimzai et al., 2014). The two analysis methods are Qualitative and Quantitative. This study follows the Qualitative method as it involves gathering of data form secondary sources means study of various available case studies and results of various other studies related to the particular topic. Data Collection Methods: For a particular research study, there are two types of method for data collection. In this study, the data is collected form secondary sources to identify the present and past status of the health systems in the rural areas of Afghanistan (Mohammad et al., 2014). The data is being collected in context to every BPHS (Basic Package of Health Services) facility for determining the Active health facilities and health posts along with rural and total population. Results The aggregate number of dynamic BPHS offices expanded from 1200 in 2007 to 1829 in 2011 a 66% expansion. The BPHS offices frequently reporting expanded more than fourfold, from 1079 to 1689. The normal number of provincial populace per dynamic BPHS office diminished from 14,789 to 10,849. The quantity of reported dynamic wellbeing presents expanded from 9,702 on 12,213 in the same period; some portion of which is because of the expansion in number of reporting offices; however, after redress this would in any case demonstrate a more than fourfold increment in wellbeing posts. The entire above chart demonstrates the patterns by year. All numbers recommend expanded access of the populace to the administrations gave by BPHS offices and wellbeing posts. The Survey Details are given below: Figure 2: Active BPHS Health facility register data per year Active BPHS Health facility register data per year chart shows that the detail value of the register process. All the data was given as per year wise. In the year of 2007, the total value of Active BPHS health facility register is 1200. In the year of 2008, the total value of Active BPHS health facility register is 1493. In the year of 2009, the total value of Active BPHS health facility register is 1687 (Mohmand, 2013). In the year of 2010, the total value of Active BPHS health facility register is 1837. In the year of 2011, the total value of Active BPHS health facility register is 1829. Moreover, the change factor is 1.7. Figure 2: Active health facilities reporting data per year Second chart is shows that the detail value of Active BPHS health facility reporting data. All the values are shown by year wise. In the year of 2007, the total value of Active BPHS health facility report is 1079. In the year of 2008, the total value of Active BPHS health facility report is 1326. In the year of 2009, the total value of Active BPHS health facility report is 1511. In the year of 2010, the total value of Active BPHS health facility report is 1671. In the year of 2011, the total value of Active BPHS health facility report is 1689. Moreover, the change factor is 4.31. Figure 3: Active health posts reporting per year Third chart is shows that the detail value of Active health posts reporting data. All the values are shown by year wise. In the year of 2007, the total value of Active health posts reporting is 9702. In the year of 2008, the total value of Active health posts reporting is 10922. In the year of 2009, the total value of Active health posts reporting is 11147 (Edward et al., 2015). In the year of 2010, the total value of Active health posts reporting is 11426. In the year of 2011, the total value of Active health posts reporting is 12213. Moreover, the change factor is 18.35. Figure 4: Rural population per BPHS facility year wise Fourth chart is shows that the detail value of rural population per BPHS facility data. All the values are shown by year wise. In the year of 2007, the total value of rural population per BPHS facility is 14789. In the year of 2008, the total value of rural population per BPHS facility is 12223. In the year of 2009, the total value of rural population per BPHS facility is 11124. In the year of 2010, the total value of rural population per BPHS facility is 10505 . In the year of 2011, the total value of rural population per BPHS facility is 10849. Moreover, the change factor is 0.71. Figure 5: Total population per BPHS facility year wise According to the fifth chart, the detail value of total population per BPHS facility data. All the values are shown by year wise. In the year of 2007, the total value of total population per BPHS facility is 18677. In the year of 2008, the total value of total population per BPHS facility is 15437. In the year of 2009, the total value of total population per BPHS facility is 14049. In the year of 2010, the total value of total population per BPHS facility is 13267. In the year of 2011, the total value of total population per BPHS facility is 13702. Moreover, the change factor is 0.72. Figure 6: Total population chart year wise According to the sixth chart, the detail value of total population data. All the values are shown by year wise. In the year of 2007, the total value of total population is 22,412,820. In the year of 2008, the total value of total population is 23047394 (Cheng et al., 2015). In the year of 2009, the total value of total population is 23699935. In the year of 2010, the total value of total population is 24370952. In the year of 2011 the total value of total population per is 25060917. Moreover, the change factor is 1.22. Discussions In this section, the discussions are carried out to determine the present status and achievement of the various deliverables for the project. According to the timeline developed for the project it has advanced towards completion however, there are certain activities left such as preparing the lesson plans and development of a plan to implement the training package for rural health workers in Afghanistan. The activities up to the conduction of literature review and collection of data has been achieved until now for advancement of the project. From the above achievement of the project deliverables, it can be ensured that the project will be successful with the proper implementation of the training package among the rural health workers in Afghanistan. Conclusion and Recommendations The training of the rural health workers is an important aspect for success of the project. The rural health workers are to be trained by the Government organization that has been contracted for implementation of the training package. The focus should be given to attract the community leaders as they can assist in both conveying the importance of health and implementation of the training package. The training will comprise of three round for 18 days involving 2 months of fieldwork in between each training. The rural health workers are to be provided with easy to understand picturesque manual that will consist of wide range awareness on public health as well as educational tasks. It will also comprise of various direct services like planning of family, nutrition along with upliftment of maternal and child health. The rural health workers that will successfully identified as capable after the 18 days training will start to serve the population. References Byrne, A., Hodge, A., Jimenez-Soto, E., Morgan, A. (2014). What works? Strategies to increase reproductive, maternal and child health in difficult to access mountainous locations: a systematic literature review. PLoS One, 9(2), e87683. Carvalho, N., Salehi, A. S., Goldie, S. J. (2012). National and sub-national analysis of the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of strategies to reduce maternal mortality in Afghanistan. Health policy and planning, czs026. Cheng, I. H., Wahidi, S., Vasi, S., Samuel, S. (2015). Importance of community engagement in primary health care: the case of Afghan refugees. Australian journal of primary health, 21(3), 262-267. Colvin, D. (2014). What motivates community health workers? Designing programs that incentivize community health worker performance and retention. Developing and strengthening community health worker programs at scale: a reference guide for program managers and policy makers. Washington, DC: USAID/Maternal and Child Health Integrated Project (MCHIP). Edward, A., Branchini, C., Aitken, I., Roach, M., Osei-Bonsu, K., Arwal, S. H. (2015). Toward universal coverage in Afghanistan: a multi-stakeholder assessment of capacity investments in the community health worker system. Social Science Medicine, 145, 173-183. Edward, A., Osei-Bonsu, K., Branchini, C., shah Yarghal, T., Arwal, S. H., Naeem, A. J. (2015). Enhancing governance and health system accountability for people centered healthcare: an exploratory study of community scorecards in Afghanistan. BMC health services research, 15(1), 1. Fayaz, S. H., Higuchi, M., Hirosawa, T., Sarker, M. A. B., Djabbarova, Z., Hamajima, N. (2014). Knowledge and practice of universal precautions among health care workers in four national hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 8(04), 535-542. Fehling, M., Nelson, B. D., Ahn, R., Eckardt, M., Tiernan, M., Purcell, G., ... Burke, T. F. (2013). Development of a community-based maternal, newborn and child emergency training package in South Sudan. public health, 127(9), 797-805. Fogarty, L., Kim, Y. M., Juon, H. S., Tappis, H., Noh, J. W., Zainullah, P., Rozario, A. (2014). Job satisfaction and retention of health-care providers in Afghanistan and Malawi. Human resources for health, 12(1), 1. Haver, J., Brieger, W., Zoungrana, J., Ansari, N., Kagoma, J. (2015). Experiences engaging community health workers to provide maternal and newborn health services: implementation of four programs. International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics, 130, S32-S39. Howard, N., Woodward, A., Patel, D., Shafi, A., Oddy, L., Veen, A., ... Roberts, B. (2014). Perspectives on reproductive healthcare delivered through a basic package of health services in Afghanistan: a qualitative study. BMC health services research, 14(1), 1. Kok, M. C., Dieleman, M., Taegtmeyer, M., Broerse, J. E., Kane, S. S., Ormel, H., ... de Koning, K. A. (2015). Which intervention design factors influence performance of community health workers in low-and middle-income countries? A systematic review. Health policy and planning, 30(9), 1207-1227. Mansoor, G. F., Hashemy, P., Gohar, F., Wood, M. E., Ayoubi, S. F., Todd, C. S. (2013). Midwifery retention and coverage and impact on service utilisation in Afghanistan. Midwifery, 29(10), 1088-1094. Mansoor, G. F., Hill, P. S., Barss, P. (2012). Midwifery training in post-conflict Afghanistan: tensions between educational standards and rural community needs. Health policy and planning, 27(1), 60-68. Mohammad, D., Enarson, D. A., Khalid, S. M., Taufique, R., Habibullah, H. (2014). Does task shifting in tuberculosis microscopy services to non-certified technicians in Afghanistan affect quality?. Public health action, 4(1), 56-59. Mohmand, K. A. (2013). Community Midwifery Education Program in Afghanistan. Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper, World Bank, Washington, DC. Najafizada, S. A. M., Labont, R., Bourgeault, I. L. (2014). Community health workers of Afghanistan: a qualitative study of a national program. Conflict and health, 8(1), 1. Newbrander, W., Ickx, P., Feroz, F., Stanekzai, H. (2014). Afghanistan's basic package of health services: its development and effects on rebuilding the health system. Global public health, 9(sup1), S6-S28. Newbrander, W., Natiq, K., Shahim, S., Hamid, N., Skena, N. B. (2014). Barriers to appropriate care for mothers and infants during the perinatal period in rural Afghanistan: a qualitative assessment. Global public health, 9(sup1), S93-S109. Perry, H. B., Zulliger, R., Rogers, M. M. (2014). Community health workers in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: an overview of their history, recent evolution, and current effectiveness. Annual review of public health, 35, 399-421. Perry, H., Zulliger, R. (2012). How effective are community health workers. An overview of current evidence with recommendations for strengthening community health worker programs to accelerate progress in achieving the health-related Millennium Development Goals. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Petit, D., Sondorp, E., Mayhew, S., Roura, M., Roberts, B. (2013). Implementing a Basic Package of Health Services in post-conflict Liberia: Perceptions of key stakeholders. Social science medicine, 78, 42-49. Rahimzai, M., Naeem, A. J., Holschneider, S., Hekmati, A. K. (2014). Engaging frontline health providers in improving the quality of health care using facility-based improvement collaboratives in Afghanistan: case study. Conflict and Health, 8(1), 1. Rasooly, M. H., Govindasamy, P., Aqil, A., Rutstein, S., Arnold, F., Noormal, B., ... Shadoul, A. (2014). Success in reducing maternal and child mortality in Afghanistan. Global public health, 9(sup1), S29-S42. Singh, L. P., Sharma, A., Kumar, M., Shinwari, S. (2012). Public health care in Afghanistan: An investigation in suboptimal utilization of facilities. Turkmani, S., Currie, S., Mungia, J., Assefi, N., Rahmanzai, A. J., Azfar, P., Bartlett, L. (2013). Midwives are the backbone of our health system: lessons from Afghanistan to guide expansion of midwifery in challenging settings. Midwifery, 29(10), 1166-1172. Ventevogel, P., van de Put, W., Faiz, H., van Mierlo, B., Siddiqi, M., Komproe, I. H. (2012). Improving access to mental health care and psychosocial support within a fragile context: a case study from Afghanistan. PLoS Med, 9(5), e1001225. Viswanathan, K., Hansen, P. M., Rahman, M. H., Steinhardt, L., Edward, A., Arwal, S. H., ... Burnham, G. (2012). Can community health workers increase coverage of reproductive health services?. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 66(10), 894-900. Wood, M. E., Mansoor, G. F., Hashemy, P., Namey, E., Gohar, F., Ayoubi, S. F., Todd, C. S. (2013). Factors influencing the retention of midwives in the public sector in Afghanistan: a qualitative assessment of midwives in eight provinces. Midwifery, 29(10), 1137-1144. Aitken, I. (2013). Training Community Health Workers for Large-Scale Community-Based Health Care Programs. Akseer, N., Salehi, A. S., Hossain, S. M., Mashal, M. T., Rasooly, M. H., Bhatti, Z., ... Bhutta, Z. A. (2016). Achieving maternal and child health gains in Afghanistan: a Countdown to 2015 country case study. The Lancet Global Health, 4(6), e395-e413. Gawhari, S. A. (2014). Exploring barriers to utilization of Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS) by mothers in Afghanistan. Rabbani, F., Perveen, S., Aftab, W., Zahidie, A., Sangrasi, K., Qazi, S. A. (2016). Health workers perspectives, knowledge and skills regarding community case management of childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia: a qualitative inquiry for an implementation research project Nigraan in District Badin, Sindh, Pakistan. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 462. Tani, K., Stone, A., Exavery, A., Njozi, M., Baynes, C. D., Phillips, J. F., Kant, A. M. (2016). A time-use study of community health worker service activities in three rural districts of Tanzania (Rufiji, Ulanga and Kilombero). BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 461.

Alcoholism-Nature Or Nuture Essays - Drinking Culture,

Alcoholism-Nature Or Nuture? INTRODUCTION: Alcoholism can affect anyone. It has enormous costs as it pertains to societies, families, and individuals. It is not prejudicial towards any race, color, sex, religion, or economic level. Although we do have ideas as to what alcoholism is, what we do not know is the exact cause(s) of this problem. Researchers are continually seeking answers to the long-standing nature versus nurture debate. Different views are split between a biological paradigm and a physchological paradigm. No one explanation seems to be better than another is. I will present views of the effects alcoholism has on society and an insight to the factors that serve to fuel the nature or nurture debate concerning alcohol abuse and alcoholism. STATISTICS: The abuse of alcohol alone is estimated at $144.1 billion dollars annually. Every man, woman and child in America pays nearly $1,000 a year to cover the costs of unnecessary health care, auto accidents, crime and lost of productivity resulting from alcohol abuse. Alcohol deaths account for approximately five percent of all deaths occurring in the United States. Alcohol is considered to be one of the most widely used drugs as it attacks the central nervous system. Two-thirds of all adults drink alcohol; one-third of those are under the age of eighteen. The term alcoholic is commonly used to refer to a person who is severely dependent on alcohol as a result of their drinking pattern. Not everyone with an alcohol problem becomes an alcoholic. If this is true then what differentiates the social drinker from the alcoholic? A novice explanation would be that social drinkers do not experience problems when they drink, however alcoholics develop a physical dependence on alcohol and lack control over how much they drink and what happens when they drink, resulting in social problems. Can it be this simple? Why doesn't a person just stop drinking when they notice that their lives are in a downward spiral? It has taken society and the medical community a long time to consider alcoholism as a disease. This may be in part because alcohol is used primarily for recreational or social purposes and is not viewed as something that cannot be controlled. CULTURAL: Styles of drinking and attitudes toward alcohol vary across cultures. In cultural groups such as the Chinese, Greeks and Italians, drinking are maintained by social customs. Children are introduced to alcohol at an early age, but are not associated with masculinity or social power. The abuse of alcohol is looked upon with strong disapproval. Conversely the American experience is just the opposite. In colonial America habitual drunkenness was not considered to be an uncontrollable disease. In those days drinking was a social activity that took place in a close-knit family environment. But during the early 1800s drinking moved into the male dominated saloons and alcohol became a symbol of masculine independence and violence. At this point, the rates of alcoholism began to increase dramatically. This was the first sign of what was to become 19th century America's view that habitual drinkers were unable to control their drinking. These early warnings would eventually lead to al coholism being recognized as a disease. ABUSE OR ADDICTION? Several studies have confirmed that some chronic drinkers can still maintain control even when intoxicated. It is believed this is because when directed towards a goal such as job, family, etc. even the chronic drinker was able to regulate the amount of alcohol they drank. The problem with these studies is that while these chronic drinkers may be able to control their drinking, they are unable to guarantee when they can do so. They soon lose the ability to distinguish social drinking from drinking as a social crutch. As a result these chronic drinkers eventually break promises and commitments to their families and employers. In order for alcohol to become a contributor to alcohol addiction, a person must first use the 'drug' and continue to use the drug. What constitutes use from abuse with alcohol cannot clearly be distinguished. This is because alcohol taken in various amounts affects individuals differently. Some people may be considered an alcohol abuser early in their drinking experiences because of the adverse consequences they go through. From the early days that alcoholism

Historical Context of The Tempest Essays

Historical Context of The Tempest Essays Historical Context of The Tempest Paper Historical Context of The Tempest Paper Essay Topic: The Tempest Turtle Island One thing that probably influenced Shakespeare to write the Tempest was the event that happened in May 1609. A fleet of nine ships set out from England, with five hundred colonists on board. Their goal was the newly founded colony of Virginia, where the settlers intended to begin a new life. They hoped for fabulous fortunes because of everything that they had heard about the natural riches of America. But disaster struck. In the great storm, the ship carrying the expeditions leader, Sir Thomas Gates, became separated from the fleet. The ship was driven onto the rocks of Bermuda, a place feared by sailors and known at the time as the Devils islands. The rest of the fleet sailed on, and reached Virginia, and sent back news to London of the loss. This is almost mentioned in the script by Ariel, when telling Propsero what she has done with the ship. From the still-vexed Bermoothes, there shes hid The mariners all under hatches stowed, Who, with a charm joined their suffered labour, I have left asleep. And for the rest othfleet, Which I dispersed, they have all met again. However there is more to the story as a year later astonishing new arrived. The lost colonists had miraculously survived and reached Virginia! Apparently, the ship had run aground close to shore. All the passengers and crew has escaped safely, and were able to salvage most of the supplies from the ship. The discovered that Bermuda was far from being the desolate and barren place of legend. It has fresh water, and a plentiful supply of food in fish, wild pigs, birds and turtles. The survivors set about building two boats so that they could sail on to Virginia. But human nature soured on the island and mutiny broke out. Malicious rumours spread, and a bid was made to murder the governor and take over the island. When, after great difficulties, they set sail the two mutineers elected to stay behind on Bermuda. It is still thought now that the Bermuda area has a magical essence about it. Many reports of boats, planes and other vehicles disappearing into the Bermuda Triangle. Leading people to believe that there is something mystical about Bermuda having power over transport. It is possible that Shakespeare had used this story to base the Tempest on. The terrible storm that befell the colonists is similar to the storm that was conjured up by Prospero to wreck to Royals ship. The two mutineers who are similar to Antonio and Sebastion, who are plotting to kill Alonso and the fact that everyone returned safely. Aesthetic, scientific, social and philosophical texts formed an essential part of Shakespeares life and often show themselves in his plays. Whilst it is unknown how dramatists drew from such sources, consciously or subconsciously. Scholars do indicate likely connections between The Tempests language, characters, and the political, social and intellectual climates in which Shakespeare lived and worked. Many people consider Caliban to be an example of the colonists infecting the New World, which could also be drawn on from the real Tempest. Shakespeares and his audiences familiarity with American colonisation and the fact that they were poisoning the native Americans with things such as alcohol. Caliban is similar to this in the way that Trinculo and Stephano change him by giving him alcohol, in return he offered to be their slave. The plight of Rudolph II, King of Bohemia, parallels Propseros story. In 1608 Rudolphs brother usurped from him the crows of Austria, Hungary and Moravia; and in April 1611 Rudolph also lost the throne of Bohemia. His interest in the occult was widely known; in the 1580s the English magus John Dee had briefly enlisted his support in a quest for the philosophers stone. Beset by political troubles, Rudolph, much like Prospero and his cave, retreated to his palace library and consoled himself with books. Propsero is also, many say, directly related to Shakespeare. If we look back over which plays were written before the Tempest they included Othello and Macbeth. These plays are dark and depressing which could be seen as the Tempest of Shakespeares life in the play the Tempest is calmed and Prospero takes his revenge. Eventually he closes with an apology and a goodbye statement. This is Shakespeare saying goodbye to the theatre and the theatre audiences.

The Glass Menagerie and the two different worlds (reality and fiction) Research Paper

The Glass Menagerie and the two different worlds (reality and fiction) - Research Paper Example Laura is enrolled in a business school in order to start establishing her own life, but due to shyness, she drops out of school and secretly spends her time wandering in the city (Oliveira 1).Tom, who dislikes his shoe warehouse jobs, finds solace in alcohol, movies and literature. This surprised his mother (Oliveira 1).Amanda and Tom plot to get Laura a suitor at the warehouse, and Tom chooses Jim O’Connor who is his casual friend. A dinner is organized for Laura to meet Jim (Oliveira 1). Just before the dinner, Laura discovers that Jim, whom she had a crash on while in high school, is the suitor. Laura however refuses to eat dinner with the family and Jim and pretends she is ill (Kolin 66). Amanda, who was dressed in her youthful dress, ends up talking with Jim throughout the meal. Later after the dinner though, Laura opens up and confesses to Jim that she had a crash on him in high school(Oliveira 1).Jim reproaches her for being shy and having low self-esteem but also prais es her for being unique. Jim mentions that he has to leave and see his fiancà ©e (Kolin 34). It is therefore discovered that he is engaged. This leaves Amanda and Laura sad, and they blame Tom for not being attentive and for being selfish dreamer, because he is the one who brought Jim (Oliveira 2).Not long after Jim had visited, Tom gets fired from his shoe ware house job and leaves his home. As he travels, years later, he finds it very hard to forget and leave behind guilt memories of Laura (Kolin 23). Tennessee Williams, author of the play struggled with homosexuality which made him feel like an outsider in his society. This and other experiences made him feel empathetic to vulnerable people of the society (Oliveira 2).This play presents similarities between the dysfunctional Williams family and the play’s family, the Wingfield family. There are similarities between the fictional Wingfield family and Tennessee Williams’s own family (Kolin 23). The Glass